Module 5

Question 1

What function does tears have in eye defense?

Answer 1

protect the cornea by moistening, providing nutrition, and attacking bacteria.

Question 2

What function does conjunctiva have in eye defense?

Answer 2

protects the sclera and the inside of the eyelids by moistening and lubricating. protects the eye from infection.

Question 3

What function does eyelashes have in eye defense?

Answer 3

filter and capture debris (before it contacts the eye and) warn you of close objects.

Question 4

What function does eyelids have in eye defense?

Answer 4

close or wince with threats and spread tears

Question 5

What function does the orbit have in eye defense?

Answer 5

encases the eye in bone

Question 6

What are the parts of the eye?

Answer 6

conjunctiva, lens, sclera, vitreous humor, cornea, retina, aqueous humor, fovea, pupil, optic disk, iris

Question 7

Compare the vision quality of the macula and the optic disk.

Answer 7

the macula is the place with the sharpest vision and best discrimination of form and color. The optic disk is a natural blind spot

Question 8

Answer with rod or cone;

a. A photoreceptor cell with 3 varieties for color discrimination.
b. A photoreceptor cell that functions in very low light
c. The kind of cells densely packed in the fovea, but becoming fewer as you travel away from the fovea.
d. The kind of cells that makes up the majority of the retina photoreceptor cells, especially in the peripheral retina

Answer 8

a. cone b. rod c. cone d. rod

Question 9

Answer with color blindness, night blindness, or snow blindness:

a. This is the result of not being able to make enough photo pigment.
b. This is usually the result of a lack of one of the types of cone cells.
c. This is also called photo keratitis.
d. this is the term for not being able to discriminate between green and red.
e. This is linked to the X chromosome, so it is much more common in males, who only have one X chromosome.
f. This is a from of sunburn on the cornea nd conjunctiva.
g. This is the earliest visual sign of a lack of vitamin A.

Answer 9

a. night blindness
b. color blindness
c. snow blindness
d. color blindness
e. color blindness
f. snow blindness
g. night blindness

Question 10

Problem   What is out of Focus?  Usual Treatment
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Amblyopia

Answer 10

distant objects prescription lenses
near objects reading glasses
all objects prescription lenses
all objects seen in the forced use of the lazy
lazy eye eye with patches or lenses

Question 11

Match the eye condition to its description:
cataract
macular degeneration
pink eye
stye
a, infection of the conjunctiva
b. loss of function of the retinal cells in the center of a person’s field of vision
c. loss of the transparency of the lens
d. sebaceous gland infection near the edge of the eyelid

Answer 11

c. cataract
b. macular degeneration
a. pink eye
d. stye

Question 12

Name the 2 qualities of sound waves and explain what you hear when they change. Which quality in the extreme can cause hearing damage?

Answer 12

frequency (pitch) and amplitude (volume).
Higher frequency means the sound goes up in pitch; lower frequency means it goes down in pitch.
Higher amplitude causes higher volume, and lower amplitude causes lower volume.
Amplitude can be destructive to your hearing.

Question 13

What can happen if there is too much wax in the external auditory canal? what can happen if water remains in the external auditory canal?

Answer 13

muffled hearing.

Swimmer’s ear

Question 14

What are the placement and function of muscosa related to hearing?

Answer 14

lines the inside of the middle ear cavity and provides mucus.

Question 15

What are the placement and function of nasopharynx related to hearing?

Answer 15

the extension of the throat above the palate [It] allows air to pass into the middle ear [through the Eustachian tube.]

Question 16

What are the placement and function of oval window related to hearing?

Answer 16

divides the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear. [It] receives the amplified vibrations [from the auditory] ossicles and transmits the vibrations
into the fluid in the labyrinth.

Question 17

What are the placement and function of bony labyrinth related to hearing?

Answer 17

the inner ear cavity surrounded by bone [filled with fluid] and essential for hearing and balance.

Question 18

What are the placement and function of round window related to hearing?

Answer 18

elastic membrane on the bony labyrinth [that] allows the waves in the fluid inside the labyrinth to move.

Question 19

What are the placement and function of the spiral organ related to hearing?

Answer 19

made of fibers sequentially arranged by frequency, their associated hair cells, and the sensory neurons [that] carry the impulses from the hair cells through
the auditory nerve and to the brain for interpretation.

Question 20

What are the placement and function of a hair cell related to hearing?

Answer 20

sensory receptor in the cochlea on the spiral organ [that] responds to a nearby fiber’s vibration and initiates a nerve impulse.

Question 21

what is the difference between conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 21

Conductive hearing loss is the muffling of the normal transmission of vibrations and is usually temporary. Sensorineural hearing loss involves damage to the hair cells and is usually permanent.

Question 22

There is pain on your eardrums because the air pressure from the external auditory canal is different from the air pressure in the middle ear. What can you do to relieve that pain?

Answer 22

open the Eustachian tubes by swallowing, chewing, or yawning. or you can try the Valsalva maneuver.

Question 23

The upper limit of loud noise that is not damaging to the spiral organ is 85 dB. A few house hold appliances make a little less noise and con be used to compare against electronic audio devices to ensure that the devices are not too loud. Name one of these appliances.

Answer 23

Blender

Question 24

Aside from location what are 2 differences between the sensory receptors in the vestibule and in the semicircular canals?

Answer 24

vestibule reports the position of the head with respect to gravity. Night and day, it keeps your brain posted. It does not adapt. In contrast, the semicircular canals let you know of the head’s movements in turning and accelerating. These canals adapt to the movement and eventually quit sending impulses

Question 25

Vertigo is an uncomfortable condition, What causes vertigo in labyrinthitis? What causes vertigo in motion sickness?

Answer 25

In labyrinthitis, the person is not moving, but feels like she is. In motion sickness, the person is moving, but her eyes do not recognize movement.

Question 26

List the 4 kinds of cutaneous receptors we discussed, what each one responds to, and whether it adapts rapidly or slowly.

Answer 26

Mechanoreceptors respond to pressure, stretching, and vibration, and they adapt rapidly.
Thermoreceptors respond to hot and cold, and they adapt rapidly.
Hair follicle receptors respond to hair movement, and they adapt rapidly.
Pain receptors respond to extreme temperature, pressure, and stretching and adapt very slowly.

Question 27

What is equilibrioception? Which 4 systems work together to inform the cerebellum so it can maintain equilibrioception?

Answer 27

the ability to keep the body from falling over while sitting, standing, or moving.
1. The vestibular system (gives an account of the body with respect to gravity.)
2. The proprioceptors in the muscles and the tendons (let you know where each body part is
in respect to each other part and how hard the muscles are contracting.)
3. The cutaneous receptors, or pressure receptors in the skin, (let you know if your feet are
on the ground or not; and by touching the ground with a walking stick or lightly touching a handrail, you can better assess your position in space.)
4. Vision (orients you because you can look at objects you know are vertical or horizontal.)

Question 28

What is the 1st response to an environment that is too hot or too cold?

Answer 28

behavioral. (To counteract the heat or cold, for instance, you can remove or add clothing or change your location.)

Question 29

What part of the brain controls your body temperature? What is it cause if you are too hot? What does it cause if you are too cold?

Answer 29

hypothalamus If you are too hot, the hypothalamus
causes you to sweat and dilates your superficial blood vessels If you are too cold, it makes you shiver to generate heat and constricts your superficial blood vessels

Question 30

What parts of the body are most susceptible to frost bite? What is the best way to treat frost bite?

Answer 30

extremities, let the body warm up itself

Question 31

Heat-related illness is treated by cooling down the body. What actions might you suggest for someone to cool Off?

Answer 31

Stop working, get in the shade, rest, remove unnecessary clothing, dampen yourself with
water and fan yourself drink cold fluids, soak in cool water in a tub or pool, or place towel-wrapped ice alongside your torso.

Question 32

Why do you need saliva to taste something?

Answer 32

the substance [to be tasted] must be dissolved in liquid. Saliva performs that function.

Question 33

Name the 5 taste sensations sensed by the taste bud chemoreceptors. Name 4 other sensations that are not sensed by the taste buds but affect your sense of taste.

Answer 33

sweet, salt, sour, bitter, and umami (savory, meaty). cold (mint), hot (chili peppers), astringent, and metallic sensations.

Question 34

What causes the hot flavor in chili peppers? What will help you get rid of the hot taste? Will water Help?

Answer 34

capsaicin. get rid of the oil. no

Question 35

What is the name for the small area in your nasal cavities where the sense of smell is found.

Answer 35

olfactory recess,

Question 36

Because the sense of smell is determined by chemoreceptors, what 3 things must be true of the odor for it to be sensed?

Answer 36

1 it must be small and light enough to be dissolved in air that is breathed or sniffed.
2 it must dissolve in mucus in order to contact the hair cells of the olfactory epithelium.
3 it must be a substance with which chemoreceptors react.

Question 37

Name 3 odorless gases that are dangerous to you, What do fuel gas companies do to make their gases safer for you?

Answer 37

Carbon monoxide, methane (natural gas), and propane (tank gas) Gas companies add an odorant to their fuel gases

Question 38

Name 3 things you and your family can do now that would prepare your family if a fire ever started in your home.

Answer 38

1 Sit down with the family and design at least 2 ways out of every room in the house.
2 Decide on a meeting place outside the house where you can gather to be sure everyone is safe.
3 Place smoke alarms and CO alarms and be sure the batteries are working.

Question 39

What are 3 facts to keep in mind when dealing with electricity in the home?

Answer 39

• Electricity misuse may start fires.
• A person’s body conducts electric current and is damaged by it.
• Electric cords or electric appliances should not lie in water.