Module 11

Question 1

Connective tissue is a group of cells that secrete ______, an extracellular substance. The most important protein in this substance is ______. Two connective tissues that give firm structure to the body are ______ and ______. Without vitamin ______, ______, the protein made by connective tissue, is defective. Wounds do not heal, blood vessels ______, and bones do not ______correctly. Cartilage is connective tissue that stays ______. It protects the ends of bones in joints as ______ cartilage. Many ones in the body develop first as cartilage ______ that harden in a process called ______.

Answer 1

matrix, collagen, cartilage, bone, C, collagen, break, develop, flexible, articular, models, ossification.

Question 2

Cell that breaks down bone:
Cell that makes bone:
Cell that makes cartilage:
Mature bone cell:
Mature cartilage cell:

Answer 2

osteoclasts
osteoblasts
chondroblast
osteocyte
chondrocyte

Question 3

List the following stages in order for bone formation:
The blood vessels bring osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
The cartilage model begins to ossify in centers of ossification.
The chondrocytes make a cartilage model.
The ossified cartilage is penetrated by blood vessels.
The ossified cartilage is replaced by woven bone
The woven bone is replaced by lamellar (organized) bone.

Answer 3

The chondrocytes make a cartilage model. The cartilage model begins to ossify in centers of ossification. The ossified cartilage is penetrated by blood vessels. The blood vessels bring osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The ossified cartilage is replaced by woven bone. The woven bone is replaced by lamellar (organized) bone.

Question 4

Match the type of bone 1. lamellar 2. woven 3. both with its qualities.

a. ___ broken down by osteoclasts
b. ___ built by osteoblasts
c. ___ contains organized collagen fibers, layered like plywood.
d. ___ contains disorganized collagen fibers, piled like a haystack
e. ___ covered in periosteum
f. ___ laid down quickly
g. ___ made of collagen and hydroxyapatite
h. ___ made of layered sheets called lamellae
i. ___ not the strongest bone
j. ___ organized around a blood vessel in a unit called an osteon
k. ___ used to patch fractures
l. ___ when formed as spongy bone, it has trabeculae.

Answer 4

a. 3
b. 3
c. 1
d. 2
e. 3
f. 2
g. 3
h. 1
I. 2
j. 1
k. 2
l. 1

Question 5

Name the 8 structures of a long bone.

Answer 5

epiphyseal plate, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, marrow, epiphysis, shaft, and articular cartilage.

Question 6

Most of your final height is mostly determined by 3 influences. Your ______ come to you through your parents. Your nutrition must contain enough vitamin ______, vitamin ______, and ______. Finally, your hormones, especially the ______ hormones and ______ hormone, influence the epiphyseal plates of long bones. Too much growth hormone produces extreme ______, called ______. The most common cause of ______ is a genetic mutation, called ______ , which limits ______ growth at the epiphyseal plates and results in very ______ arms and legs. ______ hormones initially cause a growth spurt in young teens, but these same hormones also ______ the epiphyseal plates and ______ growth around the age of 20. Girls are generally ______ than boys because the female sex hormone closes plate growth more effectively than the male sex hormone.

Answer 6

genetics C D calcium sex growth height giantism dwarfism achondroplasia cartilage short Sex close stop shorter

Question 7

Bone tissue is constantly______ by remodeling, which removes ______ bone, reshapes bone for best function, and adds new ______ where it is needed. Cells called ______ and ______ are in competition, and the strength of the bone is at stake. If bones are not used, the ______ predominate and the bone weakens. If the bone bears weight, ______ increase the strength of the bone.

Answer 7

renewed old bone osteoblasts osteoclasts osteoclasts osteoblasts

Question 8

match the term with the definition:
___ casted fracture ___ closed fracture ___ displaced fracture ___immobilized fracture ___ nondisplaced fracture ___ open fracture ___ reduced fracture ___ splinted fracture.
a. A general term for any system of holding the bone segments firmly in place to heal.
b. the broken bone is held in position with a removable device
c. the broken bone is held in place with a rigid, nonremovable device.
d. the entire broken bone remains under the skin
e. a fragment of broken bone is exposed to the air
f. the fragment of broken bone a re not in their original position.
g. the fragments of broken bone remain in correct relationship and do not need to be realigned.
h. the fragments of broken bone are realigned in proper relationship

Answer 8

c. casted fracture
d. closed fracture
f. displaced fracture
a. immobilized fracture
g. nondisplaced fracture
e. open fracture
h. reduced fracture
b. splinted fracture.

Question 9

When a bone breaks, so do its many blood vessels. A ______, a pool of blood, forms a large clot that stops the bleeding. In a few weeks, this is replaced by a ______, a swollen area of ______, fibers, and ______ bone. Over time, the ______ is remodeled to leave only a small swelling at the fracture site, and the ______ bone is replaced with ______ bone.

Answer 9

hematoma callus cartilage woven callus woven lamellar

Question 10

What does RICE stand for?

Answer 10

RICE stands for rest, ice (for 20 minutes each hour), compression (with elastic bandages), and
elevation.

Question 11

Fill in the table below __________________________________________
| Eye | a. | Double Vision. |
| Deep nasal septum | vomer and ethmoid| b. |
| c. | zygomatic arch | trouble opening mouth |
|Chin and lower teeth | d. |teeth don’t bite together normally|

Answer 11

a. orbit b. difficulty breathing through nose c. cheek d. mandible

Question 12

Sutures are ______ joints that don’t ______ and join the bones of the skull to each other. The soft spots between immature skull bones in a baby are called ______ . Sometimes bones of the skull will fail to develop all the way to the edges and form a suture. An example of this is a cleft _______, also known as a cleft lip.

Answer 12

fibrous move fontanels palate

Question 13

The vertebral column is a series of vertebrae that articulate with each other. They are divided into regions. ______ vertebrae are in the neck, ribs attach to the ______ vertebrae in the chest, and ______ vertebrae form the curve of the lower back. The ______ is a large fused vertebra that attaches between the coxal bones of the hips. Below it is the ______ , made of 4 rudimentary vertebrae that may fuse together. The spinal cord threads through the ______ of each vertebra. In the cervical vertebrae, the spinal cord is ______ in diameter, but it narrows as it descends and its nerves disperse to the rest of the body.

Answer 13

Cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx arch wide `

Question 14

a. What is the general shape of a newborn’s spine (when viewed from the side)?
b. What is the general shape of a normal adults spine (when viewed from the side)?
c. Which curve is exaggerated in kyphosis?
d Which curve is exaggerated in lordosis?
e. What is scoliosis?

Answer 14

a. ) b. (
) (longer)
(
)
c. the thoractic curve d. the lumbar curve
g. a twist or curve in the spine when it is viewed from the back.

Question 15

A typical vertebra has 2 sections. The weight-bearing section is called the ______, and the other section is called the ______ . This surrounds a _____, which is the hole that the spinal cord passes through. ______ extend out from the ______ to connect with ______ and ______ . The body of a vertebra is separated from the next vertebra by an intervertebral ______ that can wear out with time. They can ______ (bulge out), or they can ______ (break) and release pulp. Sometimes this distortion compresses a ______ nerve, and shooting pain is felt in the part of the body innervated by that nerve.

Answer 15

body arch foramen Processes arch tendons ligaments disk herniate rupture spinal

Question 16

Match the definition with the term
___ costal cartilage ___ floating rib ___ form ___ ligament ___ muscle ___ range of motion ___ tendon ___ warming up
a. an activity that stretches and prepares muscles, tendons, and ligaments before strenuous
b. amount of healthy movement of a joint, reserved by stretching
c. a bone that does not attach to the sternum
d. a connection between the sternum and most of the ribs
e. proper technique when performing a physical activity
f. a tissue that actively contracts and that can bear less stress that a tendon.
g. a tough, fibrous strap connecting muscle and bone.
h. a tough, fibrous strap between bones that limits range of motion.

Answer 16

d. costal cartilage c. floating rib e. form h. ligament f. muscle b. range of motion g. tendon a. warming up

Question 17

Match the definition with the term
___ broken rib ___ costochondritis ___ hyperextension ___ sprain ___ strain ___ tendinitis ___ torn ligament
a. bending a joint beyond its normal range of motion
b. damage to a muscle or tendon
c, damage to a ligament
d, painful lump on a rib that hurts with each deep breath and is not treated with bed rest or overuse
e. an inflammation of tendon from repeated damage
f. an inflammation that causes pain with a deep breath
g. an injury that makes a joint unstable and more likely to dislocate.

Answer 17

d. broken rib f. costochondritis a, hyperextension c. sprain b. strain e. tendinitis g. torn ligament

Question 18

The fibrous structure where 2 bones come together is called a _____. Joints can vary from fibrous joints that barely move to ______ joints that have great mobility. The more the bones move in a joint, the less stable the joint is. Stability of the joint is its resistance to ______. Sometimes a synovial joint contains a _____ , an extra pad of ________ that protects one bone from another when the joint bends. If a ________ tears, the torn piece of ______ can interfere with the joint. Often, the fragment must be surgically repaired or ______. Inflammation of a joint is called ______ and is typically caused by injury, ______ , or the normal wear and tear of years of life.

Answer 18

joint synovial dislocation meniscus cartilage meniscus cartilage arthritis overuse

Question 19

What are the 6 parts of a joint

Answer 19

bone, articular cartilage, bone, synovial membrane, articular capsule, joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Question 20

Skeletal muscle acts at your command. Muscle tissue is made of cells called muscle______. ______ , the organelles inside the muscle fiber, run lengthwise and all contract at the same time. Each ______ is crossed by protein bands that define a unit of myofibril length called a ______. A ______ is a sophisticated bundle of thin and ______ protein filaments that ratchet along each other when activated to contract. The multiplied effect of _______ of sarcomeres down the length of the _______ shortens it significantly. Muscle fibers are wrapped in connective tissue called ______ . Bundles of fibers, entire muscles, and even groups of muscles are also wrapped in ______. Fascia carries ______ vessels and _____ to supply each muscle fiber. ______ continues past the end of muscle fibers to become ______ that attach to bone. Each muscle fiber is innervated by a motor neuron through a ______ _______, a type of synapse. Once the signal is given to contract, the ______ muscle fiber must contract. The only difference between a weak muscle contraction and a strong one is how many______ _______ have been activated to contract. or the first few minutes of muscle activity, the muscle uses fuels that make ATP without consuming ______, but ______ acid builds up and causes fatigue. Finally, aerobic respiration begins. It uses oxygen, and it produces a lot of ______ for the effort. ______ respiration relies on glucose, but it also can run on _______ acids or amino acids. Skeletal muscles primarily use ______ acids for prolonged energy production.

Answer 20

fibers. Myofibrils, myofibril sarcomere sarcomere thick thousands myofibril fascia fascia blood nerves Fascia tendons neuromuscular junction whole muscle fibers oxygen lactic Aerobic ATP fatty fatty

Question 21

In a muscle that connects to your elbow and thumb which side is the origin, why?

Answer 21

the elbow because it moves less.

Question 22

The ______ is the muscle that contracts and accomplishes the motion you desire. The muscle that reverses this action is called the ______ . Other muscles participate in supporting roles, such as keeping the joint from ______ or maintaining the body’s position while the movement occurs. Muscles are synchronized to perform smoothly together by the ______ , the______ , and the______ ______ . The brain will not automatically signal an ______ and an ______ to contract at the same time.
To be in top physical condition, both the ______ and ______muscles must be exercised equally. A ______ is a painful, unintended contraction of a muscle. To stop a______ , gently stretch that muscle and contract its ______ .

Answer 22

agonist antagonist twisting cerebrum cerebellum brain stem agonist antagonist spasm spasm antagonist

Question 23

Why should you pay attention to form to accomplish a physical goal?

Answer 23

Form (takes advantage of optimum muscle length, the amount of muscle contraction that will) enable you to meet a challenge with the most force, speed, and control and the least risk of injury.

Question 24

Which 6 of the flowing increase because of exercise?
a. aerobic respiration
b. atrophy
c. blood flow to the muscle
d. coordination
e. fat tissue around muscles
f. myofibrils
g. muscle fibers
h. number of muscle fibers called into action when a signal is given to contract
I. replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissur
j. strength

Answer 24

Exercise increases (a), (c), (d), (f), (h), and (j).