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Introduction to psychology > Module 5 + 6 > Flashcards

Module 5 + 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neocortex and what does the social brain hypothesis say about it??

A

The neocortex is the largest part of the cerebral cortex, which is the outer layer of the brain. The larger the neocortex, the larger the average social group of a species.

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2
Q

What are the two conditions of forming a group: reciprocity and transitivity?

A
  • Reciprocity means that if someone gives you something, you do something in return.
  • Transitivity means that if your friend likes/dislikes a person, you have the same opinion
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3
Q

What is outgrip homogeneity and ingroup favoritism?

A
  • Outgroup homogeneity means that outrgoup’s members are seen as more similar.
  • Ingroup Favoritism means that you treat in-group members more favorably.
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4
Q

What does the Minimal Group Paradigm say about ingroup and outgroup effects?

A

Even the shortest and shallowest groups can have these effects.

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5
Q

What is the medial prefrontal cortex important for?

A

Thinking about other people, it is more active for ingroup members.

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6
Q

What is group-polarization? And groupthink?

A

People are influenced by group-processes and stick to initial group opinions so that they no longer consider alternative opinions.
Groupthink is a more extreme form where bad decisions are made as an attempt to keep the group together/harmony.

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7
Q

Group Dynamics: What do social facilitation and social inhibition do with the dominant response? And what is the mere presence effect?

A

Due to arousal when you perform well-trained dominant response you do it better and a difficult dominant response you do worse. The mere presence effect states that behavior changes because people are watching.

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8
Q

What are social loafing, deindividuation and conformity

A
  • social loafing is when you feel less responsible because you are working together.
  • Deindividuation means you forget you own norms and lose self-awareness because you are in a group
  • Conformity means you adjust your behavior to fit the group.
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9
Q

How do normative influence and informational influence affect conformity?

A
  • Normative influence means that people want to follow the social norms of the group to fit in
  • Informational influence means that people don’t know how to behave and they belief that the other people know better and so they follow their behavior
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10
Q

What is obedience and compliance?

A

Obedience is when you follow an order of someone with authority and compliance is when you agree to a request.

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11
Q

What is cooperation and how does it decrease outgroup effects?

A

It is when groups have to cooperate to reach a superordinate goal.

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12
Q

What are inclusive fitness and reciprocal helping?

A
  • Inclusive fitness states that there are benefits on focussing not just on your own survival but also those who have similar genes.
  • Reciprocal helping means that you help non-related others because they will return the favor.
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13
Q

What does the mere-exposure effect mean?

A

Your attitude towards something becomes more positive due to exposure to it.

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14
Q

What is Attitude-behavior consistency and attitude consistency?

A
  • Attitude-behavior consistency is when your attitude is consistent with your behavior.
    Attitude consistency means that the easier it is to retrieve an attitude from memory the more it influences behavior.
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15
Q

What is dissonance and how is it affected by insufficient justification, justifying effort and post-decisional dissonance?

A

Dissonance is the conflict between attitude en behavior or between thoughts
- Insufficient justification means that you don’t have enough cause for a behavior so you change your attitude to justify it.
- Justifying effort is when you have to go through pain to join a group so you value to group higher.
- Post-decisional dissonance is when you make a decision between two things and focus more on the positives of the thing you picked.

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16
Q

What are the two routes of persuation?

A
  • The central route, by giving arguments.
  • The peripheral route, message unknowingly alters attitude
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17
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error and how does it tie in with the actor-observer discrepancy.

A

It is when you overestimate personal attributions to something, rather than situational attributions.

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18
Q

What are illusory correlations in stereotyping? And what happens when someone doesn’t fit the stereotype?

A

You only notice information that supports the stereotype. If someone doesn’t fit you put them in a subtype.

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19
Q

What is modern racism?

A

The belief that racism is over and that minorities ask for too much.

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20
Q

What is self-labeling and reframing?

A

Self-labeling is embracing slurs against your group and reframing is make negative stereotypes into a strength.

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21
Q

What is a drive in an organism?

A

Arousal motivates an organism to satisfy a need.

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22
Q

What does homeostasis have to do with equilibrium and how does the organism stay in homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis means that there is a balanced state of the body that an organism wants to be in. If it is not in this equilibrium it is motivated to do something about it.

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23
Q

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law say about performance and arousal?

A

It says that arousal increases performance unto a certain pont after which it decreases performance.

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24
Q

What is an achievement motive?

A

You want to do well in accordance with a standard of excellence like cum laude.

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25
Q

What are grit, self-regulation and delayed gratification?

A

Grit is a large passion to achieve your goals.
Self-regulation is the ability to postpone rewards for later also called delayed gratification.

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26
Q

What does it mean to turn hot cognition into cold cognition?

A

You turn something desirable into something undesirable in your head.

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27
Q

What is the balance theory and what does it have to do with self-affirmation

A

People want to be and feel consistent. Self affirmation means that people want to present themselves as consistent.

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28
Q

What is cognitive dissonance and how can you rationalize to overcome it?

A

Cognitive dissonance means that your behavior is in conflict with your belief. You could rationalize that this is logical or you could change your belief/thought.

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29
Q

What does the psychophysical system say about personality?

A

It has to do with psycho, biological aspects and physical, environment aspects.

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30
Q

What are the three major temperaments created by the genes?

A
  1. Activity level
  2. Emotionality
  3. Sociability
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31
Q

What does the trait-approach/Five factor theory say about personality?

A

It says that there are 5 personality continuums:
Openness
Conscientiousness (skilled in emotions and delayed gratification)
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
And there are more specific facets

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32
Q

What are the FFFS and BIS system for punishment and the BAS system for reward?

A
  • FFFS is Fight-Flight-Freeze and it means you escape the punishment
  • BIS is Behavioral Inhibition System and it means you are careful of approaching the punishment
  • BAS is the Behavioral approach system and it means you approach the reward.
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33
Q
A
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34
Q

What does the humanistic approach say about personality and what does the Person-centered approach say?

A
  • Everyone is born good and with equal chances. People need a good environment to reach self-actualization
  • The person centered approach says that everyone has their own understanding of life and should not force others to have the same.
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35
Q

What do Cognitive-Behavioral approaches say about personality?

A

Personality differences are due to learning and thoughts.

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36
Q

What do The lotus of control and personal constructs say?

A

The locus of control means how much you belief you have an influence in your life and the personal constructs are personal beliefs of how the world works.

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37
Q

What three factors does reciprocal determinism give for personality?

A
  • The person’s environment.
  • The person’s thoughts and expectations
  • the behavior (how the personality is expressed)
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38
Q

What is the need for cognition?

A

How much you like engaging in complex thought.

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39
Q

What does situationism say about personality?

A

It is not consistent, but determined by the situation.

40
Q

What does interaction say about personality in situations?

A

There is an interaction between person and situation (strong and weak situations)

41
Q

What are idiographic and nomothetic approaches to measure personality?

A
  • Idiographic approaches assume that there can not be a standardized test so a different metric for every person.
  • Nomothetic approaches says that each person differs on particular traits so standardized tests about these traits can be made.
42
Q

What are projective and Objective measures?

A

Projective measures are when you need to interpret an ambiguous stimulus and the researcher interprets this.
Objective measures are when you have to give self-report to measure personality.

43
Q

What are the 4 factors that determine if behavior is psychopathology?

A
  • it deviates from cultural norms for behavior
  • It is maladaptive, so you cannot adjust to situations
  • It is self-destructive
  • It causes discomfort for others and thus worse social relationships.
44
Q

How does the dimensional approach look at disorders?

A

It sees them as existing on a continuum. Sometimes a disorder is an extreme version of normal feelings.

45
Q

What is comorbidity of disorders?

A

They are likely to go together/

45
Q

What is the p-factor is psychological disorders?

A

It influences all disorders.

46
Q

What is assessment in disorders?

A

using techniques like self-report to determine if someone has a disorder

47
Q

What does the prognosis mean?

A

the expected outcome and what else to expect from a disorder.

48
Q

What does diathesis-stress model say?

A

Your diathesis is risk of a particular disorder and stress causes the disorder to be invoked.

49
Q

What do the family-system and sociocultural model say about psychopathology?

A

The family-system says the behavioral problems come from the family/social context.
And the sociocultural model says that is comes form interaction with the culture, like low socioeconomic status.

50
Q

What are internalizing and externalizing disorders?

A
  • Internalizing disorders are due to stress or fears negative emotions like depression. More in women
  • Externalizing disorders are out-of-control behavior like alcoholism. More in men
51
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

excessieve fear without danger. And activation of the autonomic nervous system.

52
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia and panic disorder?

A
  • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is when you have anxiety for most things and it is not specific.
  • Specific phobia is when you are afraid for a specific object or thing.
    Panic disorder is when you have sudden panic attacks (in public)
53
Q

What are the two depressive disorders?

A

Major depressive disorder lasts 2+ week. and persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia) lasts 2+ years.

54
Q

What is a stigma?

A

You are seen in a negative way because of a disorder.

55
Q

What does the cognitive triad say about depression?

A

You view 3 things negatively:
-Yourself
-Environment
-Future

56
Q

What are the two types of bipolar disorder?

A

Type I is characterized by extreme Manic episodes
Type II is characterized by major depression episodes and less extreme hypomania episodes.

57
Q

What two needs do we need to fulfill to not desire death?

A

1: Need to belong
2. Need to feel competent
So tell them you appreciate them and need their help with something.

58
Q

What are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and how many to have schizophrenia?

A

You need to have at least two:
Positive (what other people don’t have)
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Grossly Disorganized
Negative (what other people do have)
- Lack of motivation/movement
- Lack of emotion

59
Q

What are the following types of delusions: Pesecutory, Referential, Grandiose, Identity, Guilt, Control?

A
  • persecutory: Other people try to spy on or harm you
  • Referential: Other people or objects have special significance to you
  • Grandiose: Feel like you have great power and knowledge
  • Identity: Belief you are someone else.
  • Guilt: Belief that you have done something terrible
    Control: Belief that you are not a free agent but controlled by someone else.
60
Q

What do schizovirus theorists belief?

A

That schizophrenia is a virus, explaining why is spreads faster in cities.

61
Q

How do Compulsions in OCD come to be? And what is pure obsession?

A

You have an obsession, which creates anxiety. If you perform a certain action this anxiety is reduced. So this action is reinforced and becomes a compulsion.
Pure obsession is when you do not have compulsions but do something in your mind to relieve anxiety/

62
Q

What kind of anxiety disorder do OCD patients have and why is it not an Anxiety disorder?

A

The anxiety is that a catastrophe or loss of control will happen without the compulsion. They know it is irrational. It is not an anxiety disorder because anxiety medication does not help.

63
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter are GABA and Glutamate?

A

The GABA is the inhibitory neurotransmitter and Glutamate is the excitory neurotransmitter

64
Q

What is seen as the problem these days, instead of an underlying factor?

A

The problem itself is seen as the problem and directly attacked.

65
Q

What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy? And how does behavioral therapy differ?

A

Trying to both change behavior and give certain insights or change the belief of the patient (Cognitive restructuring).
Behavior therapy purely tries to delete bad behavior or add good behavior trough reinforcement and punishment.

66
Q

What are the rational-emotive therapy and Interpersonal therapy of cognitive therapy?

A
  • Rational-emotive is when the therapist acts as a teacher who teaches about thinking errors and teaches how to think.
  • Interpersonal is when the therapist tries to improve mental health by improving social relationships.
67
Q

What is client-centered therapy in humanistic therapy?

A

The person is seen as a whole. Client-centered therapy doesn’t want to change behavior or thoughts, but help the patient in individual growth trough positive regard and reflective listening.

68
Q

What is motivational interviewing in humanistic therapy?

A

It is when the client is motivated to stop a bad behavior like smoking by helping the client reveal what state they want to be in.

69
Q

How does expressed emotion by family hurt therapy?

A

it means negative action/emotion than family members express. The families’ support is needed.

70
Q

What are the two benefits of group therapy? and what is the difference between highly structured and loose ones?

A

group therapy is cheaper and provides social support. A more structured group is for changing behavior and a looser group is for insight and social support.

71
Q

What three types of psychotropic medications are there? And give an example.

A
  1. Antianxiety/Anxiolytics drugs. They are GABA agonists like Benzodiazepines.
  2. Antidepressants. They are MAO inhibitors and Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine agonists. Like Prozac and clomipramine And tryclic drugs and atypical antidepressants.
  3. Antipsychotics. Dopamine antagonists reduce positive symptoms,
    Traditional: Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine
    Atypical: Seroquel/quetapine, Zyprexa, Risperdal, Clozapine.
72
Q

What are Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and Transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

A
  • ECT is when electronic currents create a seizure.
  • DBS is when electrodes are put in the brain to stimulate areas.
  • TMS is when magnetic field is created outside skull. It can be single-pulse or repeated TMS.
73
Q

What is RCT in testing treatment?

A

Random Clinical trials compare a placebo group and treatment group with a blind design.

74
Q

What is Technology-Based treatment?

A

Treatment with little personal contact but using devices, like apps.

75
Q

Why is Desensitization different from exposure therapy?

A

The client makes a fear hierarchy and gets a more gradual habituation of each level on this hierarchy. It helps a person understand that they have nothing to fear.
You also learn to relax

76
Q

How come anxiety medication not helpful, but CBT is against panic disorder?

A

Panic disorder can be treated by people realizing that their fears are irrational. Also the panic attacks are conditioned responses to fear.

77
Q

What is exposure and response prevention in OCD? And what medication helps?

A

It is when you are exposed to what triggers the compulsion, but the compulsion is prevented.
SSRIs like Clomipramine help.

78
Q

What type of brain treatment is looking like it might be effective for OCD?

A

Deep-Brain Stimulation.

79
Q

What three goals are there in treating drug addiction?

A

1- Patients stops drugs
2. Patient stays off drugs.
3. Patient can be productive in every-day life.
4.(look for psychopathology afterwards)

80
Q

What is the problem with MAO and Tryclic antidepressants? And why are SSRIs and Bupropion better?

A
  • MAO does not go well with many medications and tryclics have heavy side effects.
  • SSRI only increases serotonin and Bupropion also does other neurotransmitters without many side effects.
81
Q

How is Phototherapy used to treat SAD, Seasonal Affective Disorder?

A

Bright light is used to act like the sun.

82
Q

How can ECT, TMS and DBS be used for depression?

A
  • ECT yields quick results and is helpful against suicide, but relapse is likely and memory loss.
  • TMS reduces depression and does not need hospital.
  • DBS is the last resort, but is effective in prefrontal cortex.
83
Q

What is the downside of using Lithium as a medication for Bipolar?

A

It has heavy side effects, but creates a balance between inhibitory and excitory neurotransmitters.

84
Q

Why is the atypical/second-generation antipsychotic called Seroquel/quetiapine added for treating Bipolar disorder?

A

It attacks Manic episodes, especially when combined with Lithium

85
Q

What are the downsides of the original medication for Schizophrenia like Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol?

A

It only reduces positive symptoms and has extreme symptoms and is sedative. It even can create Tardive Dyskinesia.

86
Q

What is the problem with Atypical antipsychotic Clozapine and why are Risperdal and Zyprexa better?

A

Clozapine has few but extreme side effects like seizures and reduce white blood cells.
Risperdal and Zyprexa have less side effects.
Social skills and self-care need to be learned

87
Q

What are the three subsystems in the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Id is the impulsive part that is driven by pain and repulsed by pain.
  • Superego is the judgmental en morally correct part of the brain.
  • Ego is the conscious part that is a mediator between the other two and makes decisions.
87
Q

What are the 4 stages of psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Oral Stage: Pleasure associated with mouth (Passive dependency)
  • Anal Stage: Pleasure associated with anus. (compulsive and stubborn)
  • Phallic stage: pleasure associated with genitals (oedipus and electra complex)
    –Latency–
  • Genital stage: pleasure in pleasuring another.
88
Q

What disorders affect emotion/mood, thought and maladaptive behavior?

A

Emotion/mood is anxiety, depression and bipolar.
Thought is Schizophrenia
Maladaptive behavior is OCD.

89
Q

What brain activity is different in people with bipolar disorder?

A
  • Less activity in orbitofrontal cortex and active amygdala during mania.
90
Q

What are 4 possible explanations for schizophrenia?

A
  • More Dopamine
  • Lower glutamate
  • Stress
  • Oxygen deprivation at birth
91
Q

What are 3 explanations for OCD?

A
  • Shortage of Serotonin
  • Smaller and different activity in the Caudate
  • Streptococcal infection
92
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

you learn to associate bad behavior with negative stimuli.

93
Q

How does humanistic approach think a disorder arrises?

A

Too little self-acceptance self-esteem and understanding.

94
Q

What neurotransmitters are affected by atypical antidepressants and ti-cyclic antidepressants?

A

-Atypical antidepressants affect norepinephrine and Dopamine.
- Tryclic antidepressants affect norepinephrine and MAO enzyme.

95
Q
A

Introduction to psychology (3 decks)

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