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Introduction to psychology > Module 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include (PNS)?

A

This includes the other nerves and includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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3
Q

What are the somatic and autonomous nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system dictates voluntary movement like moving your hand.
The autonomic nervous system dictates less voluntary movement like heartbeat.

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4
Q

How do the Pns and Cns interact

A

The peripheral nervous system sends information to the central nervous system, which sends instructions to the PNS

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5
Q

What are the 3 phases of a neuron?

A
  1. receiving chemical signals from other neurons
  2. Integrating incoming signals
  3. Transmitting its own signals to other neurons.
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6
Q

What do the somatosensory neurons send information about to the brain?

A

About the skin and muscles.

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7
Q

What do interneurons do for sensory and motor neurons

A

They facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons.

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8
Q

What are the 4 regions of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites.
  2. cell body (collects and integrates signals)
  3. Axon.
  4. Terminal Buttons
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9
Q

What does the selective permeable nature of the membrane mean?

A

it only lets trough specific substances.

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10
Q

What are Ions?

A

electrically charged molecules.

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11
Q

What do the ion channels on the membrane do?

A

they let ions through when a chain reaction is started.

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12
Q

What is the Action Potential?

A

This is the signal traveling along the neuron.

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13
Q

Is a resting neuron relatively negative or positive? How is this potential called.

A

It is relatively negatively charged compared to outside the membrane. It is called resting membrane potential.

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14
Q

What state is a resting and inactive neuron in?

A

It is polarized.

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15
Q

Wat zijn excitatory signals?

A

deze verhogen de kans op neuron firing door middel van depolarisatie.

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16
Q

What happens when the Sodium gates let in enough sodium?

A

The action potential Is generated.

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17
Q

What happens after the action potential with the sodium and potassium gates?

A

the potassium gates that let out potassium stay open for longer so the neuron becomes hyper polarized.

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18
Q

How much millivolts are the resting potential and excitation threshold

A

The resting potential is -70 millivolts and the excitatory threshold is -55 millivolts

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19
Q

What is the period called in which ion gates do not open because they have recently opened? And what is the period called in which it is harder, but possible for them to open?

A

absolute refractory period makes it impossible to open and the relative refractory period makes it hard to open.

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20
Q

What is the myelin sheath made of and what illness is connected do demyelination?

A

The myelin sheath is made out of glia cells and Multiple sclerosis (MS)

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21
Q

What does each of the following neurotransmitters do: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, endorphins

A
  1. Acetylcholine is for memory, sleep/dreams and memory control over muscles.
  2. Norepinephrine is for arousal, aggression and attention
  3. Serotonin is for emotional stat and impulsiveness in dreaming
  4. The mesolambic dopamine system regulates reward and motivation. Also motor control (voluntary)
  5. GABA does anxiety reduction and inhibition
  6. glutamate does learning and memory and increases action potentials
  7. Endorphins do rewards and pain reduction.
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22
Q

What is a nerve compared to a neuron?

A

A nerve is a collection of many neurons.

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23
Q

What two kinds of substances does the membrane separate

A

Extracellular and intracellular substances

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24
Q

Are sodium and potassium positive or negative?

A

Both are positively charged.

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25
Q

What do the following lobes and cortexes do: Motor Cortex Somatosensory cortex, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe and Frontal Lobe.

A
  1. Motor Cortex controls Movement.
  2. Somatosensory Cortex controle sensations.
  3. Parietal lobe does spatial attention, touch and vision for action
  4. Temporal Lobe does object recognition and hearing and language.
  5. Occipital Lobe does vision
  6. Frontal Lobe does rational and social skills and planning movement.
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26
Q

What are your Qualia?

A

subjective experiences of the senses.

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27
Q

What is Change Blindness?

A

Not seeing large changes in things you don’t pay attention to.

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28
Q

What is shadowing task?

A

repeating what you hear.

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29
Q

What are the two types of attention?

A

Endogenous means you intentionally pay attention to something.
Exogenous attention means something grabs your attention.

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30
Q

What is priming?

A

The response to something is influenced by previous experience.

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31
Q

What is subliminal perception>

A

Something is shown to short to reach consciousness but still influences you.

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32
Q

What does Automatic processing have to do with attention?

A

Automatic processing means we can do something so well that we do not need to pay attention.

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33
Q

What are the following types of altered consciousness: Meditation, Immersion and Hypnosis?

A
  1. Meditation is when you pay attention to something like breath (concentrative mediation) or let thoughts run freely and pay attention without reacting (mindfulness)
  2. Immersion is when you are immersed in an activity and your consciousness is changed (like runner’s high)
  3. Hypnosis is when people respond to suggestion. Posthypnotic suggestions alter behavior after hypnosis.
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34
Q

What is hypnotic analgesia?

A

Hypnotic pain reduction that helps with chronic pain.

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35
Q

Describe the 3/4 stages of sleep and REM sleep.

A

stage 1: You are lightly sleeping and have theta waves.
Stage 2: You get larger waves and your brain starts showing K-complexes and sleep spindles.
Stage 3/4: You get the largest waves called Delta waves.
REM sleep: Your brain acts like it is day (beta waves) but your muscles are paralyzed.

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36
Q

What area is turned off during REM sleep, resulting in irrational dreams?

A

The prefrontal cortex.

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37
Q

What does the Activation-Synthesis theory say about dreaming?

A

The brain tries to make sense of random neuron firing, resulting in dreams.

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38
Q

What are the three adaptive functions of sleep?

A
  1. Circadian Rhythm: You only need part of the day to hunt and it is safer to sleep the other hours to save enegery.
  2. Facilitation of learning: The neural connections are strengthened during stage 3/4 and REM sleep.
  3. Restoration means that the body needs to heal during sleep and metabolic by-products of neurons need to be cleaned.
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39
Q

What are insomnia and pseudo insomnia? What causes insomnia?

A

Insomnia is when you have trouble falling an staying asleep. Due to low physiological well-being and depression.
Pseudo insomnia is when you dream that you are awake and think you sleep poorly.

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40
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea? What device helps?

A

This is when your throat closes during sleep so you wake up. You need CPAP that blows air into the nose.

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41
Q

What is Narcolepsy? what causes it?

A

You suddenly fall into REM sleep. Due to low levels of the neurochemical that regulates wakefulness and sleep.

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42
Q

What is REM behavioral disorder?

A

Muscles aren’t paralyzed during REM sleep.

43
Q

What is Somnambulism?

A

It is sleep-walking during slow-wave sleep.

44
Q

What do the following brain-injuries do: Hemineglect and Split-brain?

A

Hemineglect is when you have problems paying attention.
Split-brain is when you only have awareness of things processed in the left hemisphere. (missing the corpus callosum)

45
Q

What is Traumatic Brain Injury and what is a mild TBI called?

A

Traumatic Brain injury is when you suffer a blow or sharp turn of the head. A mild case is called concussion.

46
Q

What is unresponsive wakefulness?

A

Someone has sleep/wake cycles but is unconscious and barely has brain activity. If it lasts long the chances of waking are small.

47
Q

What are the 5 drug types? give an example and say what they do

A

1.Stimulants, they increase mental activity (Metaphetamine/Cocaine)
2.Depressants, they reduce mental activity like alcohol and benzodiazepines.
3.Opioids, reduce pain like heroin morphine and codeine
4.Hallucinogens/psychedelics alter perception like LSD and Psilocybin mushrooms
5.combination. like marijuna and MDMA

48
Q

What type of drug is Adderall and what does it treat?

A

It is a stimulant that treats ADHD

49
Q

What neurotransmitter does alcohol activate?

A

GABA, reducing motor abilities and giving relaxed feeling.

50
Q

What is sensation/perception?

A

observation of physical stimuli and transformation to the brain. And further processing, and interpretation of the stimulus by the brain.

51
Q

What are top-down and bottom-up processing?

A

Top-down processing is when you use experience and expectation to perceive something
Bottom-up processing is when you add together characteristics of a stimulus to a whole.

52
Q

What is transduction?

A

Translating physical stimuli into neurological signals readable by the brain.

53
Q

Where do external impulses from senses enter the brain first? What sense is the exception?

A

They first enter the Thalamus, except hearing.

54
Q

What is the difference between Qualitative and quantitative information of a stimulus?

A

Qualitative things are like whether something is sweet or salt and quantitative is how strongly sweet or salt it is.

55
Q

Wat is de absolute drempel van sensaties?

A

Pas als de stimulus over deze drempel gaat ervaar je de sensatie.

56
Q

What does the Signal detection theory (DTS) say about stimuli and attention?

A

Internal stimuli like emotions and external stimuli are in combat. So both the strength of the stimuli and the psychological state decide if a stimulus is detected.

57
Q

What is the Reaction Bias of stimuli?

A

It is the tendency for a participant to rapport whether they heard a certain stimuli

58
Q

What is sensual adaptation?

A

The ability to become less sensitive to a stimulus that is constant

59
Q

What is Synesthesia?

A

You experience irregular combinations of senses (like a smell of words)

60
Q

What are components of the eye?

A
  1. The Lens refracts light in a certain way onto the retina
  2. The Cornea controls the size of the pupil and concentrates the light onto the lens.
  3. The Pupil is the hole where light enters the eye.
    4, The Iris controls the size of the pupil
61
Q

Wat zijn de functies van de staafjes en kegeltjes? en wat is de fovea?

A

De staafjes/rods zorgen voor zicht in de nacht en de kegeltjes/cones zorgen voor zicht overdag. De fovea is het gebied in het midden van de retina waar alleen kegeltjes zitten.

62
Q

How is action potential generated by the receptors (staafjes en kegeltjes)?

A

The receptors receive light and fotopigments split apart, this decomposition influences the membrane potential and action potential is generated.

63
Q

What doe Ganglion Cells do and where are they ,located?

A

They are located in the optic nerve at the back of the retina and they are the first neurons with axons that transport the information to the thalamus.

64
Q

What is the optical chasm?

A

It is where the field of vision of the left side is brought to the right hemisphere. (so not all information of the left eye but the left field of vision.

65
Q

Where does the information go from the thalamus?

A

It goes to the primary visual cortex (occipital lobes in the back of the head)

66
Q

Which two streams does the information follow from the occipital lobes?

A

The Ventral (what) stream to the Temporal Lobe and the Doral (where/how) stream to the Parietal lobe.

67
Q

What does the Tri-chromatic theory say about the cones(kegeltjes)

A

It says that there are 3 different cones that perceive different light wavelengths.
- Small: blue
- Medium: green-yellow
-Large: Orange-red

68
Q

What does the Opponent-processing theory say about perceiving colors? What causes this?

A

Red and green are opposites. Yellow and Blue are opposites.
It is due to ganglion cells being sensitive to one color and being inhibited by another.

69
Q

What are the three categories of color?

A
  1. Hue/tint: The dominant wave-length of a color resulting in greenness/redness/blueness etc.
  2. Saturation: The pureness of the color (amounts of wavelengths to create the color)
  3. Lightness: intensity of the color (how much light reaches the eye. also depends on background lightness.
70
Q

What are the 5 gestalt principles and what do they organize?

A

They organize what is seen as a whole
1. Distance (closer to each other = one figure)
2. Gelijkenis: How much they look like each other in things like color and shape
3. Good continuation: a line stays wavy or straight
4. closure: we fill in the gaps
5. common faith: moving in the same direction.

71
Q

What are the four consistencies of object perception?

A
  1. size consistency, if it is further away it is the same size.
  2. Shape consistency: if it has a different orientation it has the same shape
  3. color consistency: you compare reflected colors to the color of the light source.
  4. Lightness consistency: In a darker room the color stays the same.
72
Q

Why does propoagnosia show that object recognition and face recognition are operate?

A

Because if you have this agnosia, you can still distinguish objects but not faces.

73
Q

What does the expertise hypothesis say about face recognition?

A

We are well trained at recognizing small differences in faces.

74
Q

What are binocular and monocular depth signals?

A

the signals we use to see depth. Either using information about the two eyes or experience.

75
Q

What are Binocular disparity and convergence?

A

Binocular disparity is the brain using information about the different placement of an object between the two eyes to make a 3D image.
Convergence means that the more the eye muscles are contracting, the closer something is.

76
Q

What are the following monocular depth signals: Occlusion, relative size, known size, linear perspective, texture gradient, position relative to horizon and movement parallax?

A
  1. Occlusion means that if something blocks something else, it is closer.
  2. Relative size means that larger objects look the same as smaller objects if they are further away
  3. Known size means that we know the size of an object and thus know how far it is.
  4. Linear perspective means that parallel lines converge in the distance
  5. texture gradient means that texture becomes more compact in the distance
  6. position relative to horizon means that if closer to horizon it is further away
  7. Movement Parallax means that things far away move slower.
77
Q

What is the former-effect of personality traits?

A

you accept broad personality description to be your own.

78
Q

What is a gene?

A

part of the DNA molecule. It is the blueprint of a protein.

79
Q

how did the belief differ about genes and environment from the 70s to the 90s to today?

A

first only environment, then only genes, now a combination

80
Q

What does the biochemical environment determine?

A

wether a gene is off or on and producing proteins. This means it depends on the location inside of the cell

81
Q

What are genotype and phenotype?

A
  • the genotype is your set of genes
  • the phenotype is the observable traits and behavior of genes that results from interaction with environment.
82
Q

What is an allele?

A

any option/gene that can occur in the same location (of the DNA) due to heritability by parents. The variants a gene can take at the same location.

83
Q

What is your Genome?

A

Your complete set of DNA.

84
Q

What changes in evolution?

A

alteration in the phenotype

85
Q

How do pseudogenes support evolution?

A

These are genes that used to be active in humans but no longer produce protein.

86
Q

What are the two building blocks of the nervous system?

A

glia and neurons

87
Q

What’s inside the Cell Body of a neuron?

A

The nucleus, containing DNA molecules.

88
Q

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?

A
  • Sensory receptors turn physical stimuli into electrical signals for the brain
  • Sensory (affarent) neurons carry this information from the outside world to the brain.
89
Q

What charge does the neuron reach during action potential?

A

+40 millivolts.

90
Q

What is the all-or-none law in neuron firing?

A

it either fires or it doesn’t. It always goes the same.

91
Q

Where are neurotransmitters located within the presynaptic neuron?

A

presynaptic vessels.

92
Q

what does the lock-and-key model say about neurotransmitter signals?

A

A neurotransmitter (key) only fits a specific receptor (lock)

93
Q

What neurotransmitter is low in people with parkinson’s?

A

Dopamine.

94
Q

What is the Enocrine System?

A

this system is directed by the central nervous system and releases hormones. The Hypothalamus controls this.

95
Q

What is the electrophysiological and brain imaging technique of studying the brain?

A

Electrophysiological is when electrical brain activity is measured, like EEG and ERP
Brain Imaging is when you see what brain areas are a active like MRI and PET-scan.

96
Q

What are the cerebellum and Insula cortex important for?

A

The cerebellum does coordinated movement and balance.
The Insula Cortex does taste, pain, empathy and reacting to change in emotions.

97
Q

What does the global workspace model say about consciousness?

A

There is no one specific area for consciousness but depends on what part of the brain is active.
So a lesion doesn’t make you blind, it makes you unaware of your vision.

98
Q

What is the cocktailparty phenomenon?

A

being able to single out specific conversations.

99
Q

When are alpha waves?

A

just before sleep

100
Q

What neurotransmitter is blocked by Narcotics/Opioids?

A

Substance P.

101
Q

What are the proximal and distal stimulus?

A

Proximal is in your retina while distal is the physical stimulus.

102
Q

What are the vestibular sense and kinesthesis?

A

Vestibular sense is important for balance.
Kinesthesis gives information about the position/orientation of the body in space trough muscles and joints.

103
Q

Where is V1? And where within this area?

A

In the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.

104
Q
A

Introduction to psychology (3 decks)

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