Module 5

Question 1

Planning

Answer 1

is choosing a goal and developing a method of strategy to achieve that goal.

Question 2

Four benefits of planning

Answer 2

1. Intensified effort
2. Persistence - working for long periods of time (to achieve a set goal)
3. Direction
4. The creation of task strategies planners sometimes feel they know what the future holds

Question 3

Pitfalls of planning

Answer 3

1. impeding change
2. creates a false sense of certainty
3. detachment of planers

Question 4

pitfall of planning: impeding change

Answer 4

some people don’t want to face the fact that their plans aren’t working and they need to change

Question 5

pitfall of planning: creates a false sense of certainty

Answer 5

• planners sometimes feel that they know exactly what will happen in the future.

Question 6

pitfall of planning: detachment of planners

Answer 6

planners sometimes think too big picture and need to start to concern themselves with little details.

Question 7

How to make a plan that works

Answer 7

1. set goals
2. developing commitment to goals
3. developing effective action plans
4. tracking progress
5. maintaining flexibility

Question 8

how to make a plan that works: set goals

Answer 8

to direct behaviour and increase effort, goals need to be specific and challenging (SMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely)

Question 9

how to make a plan that works: developing commitment togoals

Answer 9

determination to achieve the goal

Question 10

how to make a plan that works: developing effective actions plans

Answer 10

action pan lists the specific steps (how), people (who), resources (what) , and time period (when) for accomplishing goals.

Question 11

how to make a plan that works: tracking progress

Answer 11

proximal (short-term) goals, distal (long-term) goals

Question 12

how to make a plan that works: maintaining flexibility

Answer 12

option based planning is to keep options open by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans.

Question 13

Rational decision making

Answer 13

• Rational decision making is a systematic process in which mangers define problems, evaluate alternatives, and choose optimal solutions that provide maximum benefits to their organizations.

Question 14

defining a problem

Answer 14

• Problem- gap between desired and existing state. 1. managers have to be aware of the gap. 2. have to have to skills to fix the problem.

Question 15

what is decision criteria

Answer 15

• Decision criteria are the standards used to guide judgments and decisions.

Question 16

weighting the criteria

Answer 16

• Deciding which criteria is more or less important

1. Absolute comparisons
2. relative comparisons

Question 17

Absolute Comparisons

Answer 17

in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

Question 18

Relative Comparisons

Answer 18

• in which each criterion is compared directly to every other criterion.

Question 19

Generating alternative course of action

Answer 19

• Identify possible courses of action that could solve the problem. (the idea is to generate as many as possible

Question 20

Evaluate each alternative

Answer 20

• Systematically evaluate each alternative against each criterion

Question 21

Compute the optimal decision

Answer 21

• Compute the optimal decision by determining the optimal value of each alternative.
o Done by multiplying e rating for each criterion by the weight for the criterion, and then summing those scores for each alternative course of action that you generated.

Question 22

Group Decision -making

Answer 22

• can do better job than an individual
  o Definning the problem and generating alternative solutions
  o Groups possess different skill, experience, and knowledge

Question 23

Groupthink

Answer 23

occurs in highly cohesive groups when group members feel intense pressure to a free with one another so that the group can approve a proposed solution.