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Periodontology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The Prime function of the Immune System is to protect ___________?

A

Life of Host…..NOT tooth/bone

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2
Q

The Consequences of Loss of Immune function are?

A

deadly

ex: HIV/AIDS

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3
Q

The Consequences of an Overzealous Immune response is?

A

It begins to harm the body itself!

ex: Rheumatic Heart Disease

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4
Q

What are the 2 major components of the Immune System?

A

Cellular System

Complement System

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5
Q

PMN stands for?

A

Poly-morpho-nuclear

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6
Q

PMN’s are also known as?

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

PMN’s are the _____ line of defense and get to the site of injury _______.

A

1st

Fast

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8
Q

PMN’s are ______ in size and die _____

A

big

fast (<1day)

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9
Q

PMN’s are attracted to the bacteria by what process?

A

Chemotaxis

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10
Q

The cytoplasm of a PMN contains ______ which destroy the bacteria?

A

lysosomes

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11
Q

< ______ PMN’s/ML is termed Neutropenia

A

1,000

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12
Q

PMN’s (after they die) can be found in?

A

PUS

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13
Q

Which cells has a kidney shaped nucleus?

A

Monocyte/Macrophage

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14
Q

A Macrophage is found in _______ whereas a Monocyte is found in _____?

A

Tissue

Blood

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15
Q

Macrophages are ________ in arrival but are _______ living?

A

slow

longer

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16
Q

Macrophages are the MOST numerous cells found in a ________ infection?

A

Chronic

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17
Q

The job of a Macrophage is to _______ bacteria and to present the ______ to the ______ cells?

A

eat
antigen
T

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18
Q

Which cells are small WBC?

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

What is the job of a Lymphocyte?

A

recognize and control invaders

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?

A

T

B

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21
Q

The job of a B-lymphocyte is to?

A

make antibodies

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22
Q

A B-lymphocyte can differentiate into what 2 things?

A

Plasma-B

Memory- B

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23
Q

Antibodies are _____ shaped ______ that are also called?

A

y
proteins
Immunoglobulins

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24
Q

What are the 5 main Immunoglobulins?

A 
D
A
M
G
E
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25
Q

What are the 3 ways Immunoglobulins/Antibodies participate in the Host Defense?

A

Neutralize Bacteria
Coat Bacteria
Activate the Complement System

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26
Q

What is the main purpose of a T-lymphocyte?

A

Intensify other cells (mainly B-cells and Macrophages)

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27
Q

T-Lymphocytes can produce _____ or (interleukins) that further activate the immune response?

A

Cytokines

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28
Q

Define Cytokine

A

Any protein secreted by cells that affects the behavior of other cells

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29
Q

What are the 4 major Cytokines (Interleukins) that play a role in Perio?

A

1
6
8
Tumor Necrosis Alpha Factor

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30
Q

What Interleukin attracts PMN’s to the site of infection?

A

8

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31
Q

What Interleukin is responsible for immunoglobulin synthesis?

A

6

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32
Q

IL-1 activates ______ cells, responsible for ______ and can produce ______ protein?

A

T and B
Fever
CRP (C-reactive Protein)

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33
Q

Tumor Necrosis Alpha is responsible for _______, loss of _______, and increased _______?

A

chemotaxis
appetite
heart rate

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34
Q

What system is termed the “Back Up”

A

Complement System

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35
Q

The complement system can either facilitate ________ or do it directly?

A

phagocytosis

36
Q

What are the 4 principal functions of the Complement System?

A

Destroy Pathogens
Opsonization
Recruit Phagocytes
Immune Clearance

37
Q

How does the complement system directly destroy a microorganism?

A

punching “holes” in the cell membrane by means of the Membrane Attack Complex

38
Q

Which of the 4 principal jobs of the complement system is the MOST important?

A

Opsonization

39
Q

Opsonization facilitates _____ and _____ of germs by _______?

A

engulfment
destruction
phagocytes

40
Q

Complement system ______ bacteria so that the phagocytes can ______, _______ and ______ them?

A

coats (hangs a flag)

recognize, engulf and destroy

41
Q

Immune cells get out of blood into the tissues by a process called?

A

Transendothelial Migration

Extravasation

42
Q

Immune cells migrate from tissue to the site of infection by what process?

A

Chemotaxis

43
Q

A defect in the __________ system are associated with Periodontal Disease?

A

Transendothelial Migration

44
Q

What are the 5 steps in Phagocytosis?

A

1- phagocyte extend pseudopodia projections to attach bacteria to itself
2- phagosome surrounds bacteria
3- phagolysosome is formed
4- Bacteria is digested in phagolysosome
5- Phagocyte discharges pieces of bacteria along with lysosomes

45
Q

Why do phagocytes produce tissue damage while destroying bacteria?

A

because the lysosomal enzymes being released with the bacteria pieces destroys the tissue

46
Q

What is the body’s reaction to injury/invasion by disease-producing organisms?

A

Inflammation

47
Q

Inflammation depends on the physical action of the ________ and the ________ they produce?

A

WBC

Biochemical compounds

48
Q

In the Inflammation process which cells IMMEDIATELY release their chemicals?

A

Mast Cells

49
Q

Mast cells release ____ chemicals and increase ___ during the inflammatory reaction?

A

capillary dilating

vascular permeability

50
Q

MINUTES after tissue injury what happens to the blood flow?

A

increases

51
Q

What causes the tissue to feel hot and redden?

A

increased blood flow to the site

52
Q

Why do we NEED to increase blood flow?

A

To get the cellular defenders to the site

53
Q

HOURS after tissue injury _______ and ______ arrive at the site?

A

WBC

Plasma Proteins

54
Q

WBC’s eat the bacteria and release?

A

Biochemical Inflammatory Mediators

55
Q

What 3 Biochemical Inflammatory Mediators are important in regards to Perio?

A

Cytokines (Interleukins)
Prostaglandins
MMP (Matrix Metalloproteinase)

56
Q

MMP produces _________ which breaks down the supporting structure of the periodontum?

A

Collagenase

57
Q

Chemokines are a subgroup of?

A

Cytokines

58
Q

Chemokines cause what to happen?

A

attract more immune cells to the site

59
Q

What are the 2 stages of inflammation?

A

Acute

Chronic

60
Q

Acute inflammation is a _______ process that is of ______ duration and wounds wouldn’t _______ without it?

A

normal
short
heal

61
Q

What is an INEVITABLE side effect of the inflammatory response?

A

Tissue Damage

62
Q

What are the 5 classic signs of Acute inflammation?

A 
Red
Hot
Swollen
Pain
Loss of Function
63
Q

The process of acute inflammation is initiated by the ______?

A

blood vessels

64
Q

The liver produces _______ which is an acute phase protein druing acute inflammation

A

CRP

65
Q

A pt. with an elevated CRP is at risk for?

A

Diabetes
Hypertension
Cardiovascular problems

66
Q

CRP ________ the arteries and promotes ______ formation?

A

inflames

blood clot

67
Q

Chronic inflammation is of ______ duration and is a _________ process?

A

long

out of control

68
Q

Chronic Inflammation is a _____ condition with _____ warning signs and ____ pain?

A

pathological
no
no

69
Q

Why does an acute inflammatory reaction turn chronic?

A

body can’t eliminate infection

70
Q

In Periodontitis Chronic Inflammation will destroy ________?

A

as much tissue (alveolar bone) as needed

71
Q

Accumulation of _________ cells characterized chronic inflammation?

A

macrophage

72
Q

What is the hallmark sign for Periodontal Disease (Chronic Infection)

A

tissue damage (bone loss)

73
Q

T/F Tissue damage is due to the bacteria

A

F- due to our host response to the bacteria

74
Q

What are the 3 major prostaglandins in relation to Perio?

A

P
G
E2

75
Q

Prostaglandin P causes?

A

redness and edema

76
Q

Prostaglandin G causes?

A

destruction of alveolar bone

77
Q

Prostaglandin E2 causes?

A

loss of alveolar bone

78
Q

What are 2 medications that can halt the inflammatory response?

A

Resolvins (found in omega-3 fatty acids)

Lipoxins

79
Q

Define Host Response

A

The way our body responds to a bacterial/viral infection

80
Q

Prostaglandin ____ is MOST important in Periodontal Disease?

A

E2

81
Q

Which cells release prostaglandin E2

A

Macrophages and PMN’s

82
Q

MMP’s have at least _____ different enzymes that act together to destroy?

A

12

connective tissue matrix

83
Q

What are the 2 sources of MMP production?

A

PMN’s

Gingival Fibroblasts

84
Q

The number of _______prostaglandins increase in Perio which causes extensive ______ destruction?

A

MMP

collagen

85
Q

Without collagen what 3 things start to degrade?

A

gingival tissue
PDL
Alveolar Bone

Periodontology (10 decks)

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