Module 5 Flashcards
The Prime function of the Immune System is to protect ___________?
Life of Host…..NOT tooth/bone
The Consequences of Loss of Immune function are?
deadly
ex: HIV/AIDS
The Consequences of an Overzealous Immune response is?
It begins to harm the body itself!
ex: Rheumatic Heart Disease
What are the 2 major components of the Immune System?
Cellular System
Complement System
PMN stands for?
Poly-morpho-nuclear
PMN’s are also known as?
Neutrophils
PMN’s are the _____ line of defense and get to the site of injury _______.
1st
Fast
PMN’s are ______ in size and die _____
big
fast (<1day)
PMN’s are attracted to the bacteria by what process?
Chemotaxis
The cytoplasm of a PMN contains ______ which destroy the bacteria?
lysosomes
< ______ PMN’s/ML is termed Neutropenia
1,000
PMN’s (after they die) can be found in?
PUS
Which cells has a kidney shaped nucleus?
Monocyte/Macrophage
A Macrophage is found in _______ whereas a Monocyte is found in _____?
Tissue
Blood
Macrophages are ________ in arrival but are _______ living?
slow
longer
Macrophages are the MOST numerous cells found in a ________ infection?
Chronic
The job of a Macrophage is to _______ bacteria and to present the ______ to the ______ cells?
eat
antigen
T
Which cells are small WBC?
Lymphocytes
What is the job of a Lymphocyte?
recognize and control invaders
What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?
T
B
The job of a B-lymphocyte is to?
make antibodies
A B-lymphocyte can differentiate into what 2 things?
Plasma-B
Memory- B
Antibodies are _____ shaped ______ that are also called?
y
proteins
Immunoglobulins
What are the 5 main Immunoglobulins?
D A M G E
What are the 3 ways Immunoglobulins/Antibodies participate in the Host Defense?
Neutralize Bacteria
Coat Bacteria
Activate the Complement System
What is the main purpose of a T-lymphocyte?
Intensify other cells (mainly B-cells and Macrophages)
T-Lymphocytes can produce _____ or (interleukins) that further activate the immune response?
Cytokines
Define Cytokine
Any protein secreted by cells that affects the behavior of other cells
What are the 4 major Cytokines (Interleukins) that play a role in Perio?
1
6
8
Tumor Necrosis Alpha Factor
What Interleukin attracts PMN’s to the site of infection?
8
What Interleukin is responsible for immunoglobulin synthesis?
6
IL-1 activates ______ cells, responsible for ______ and can produce ______ protein?
T and B
Fever
CRP (C-reactive Protein)
Tumor Necrosis Alpha is responsible for _______, loss of _______, and increased _______?
chemotaxis
appetite
heart rate
What system is termed the “Back Up”
Complement System
The complement system can either facilitate ________ or do it directly?
phagocytosis
What are the 4 principal functions of the Complement System?
Destroy Pathogens
Opsonization
Recruit Phagocytes
Immune Clearance
How does the complement system directly destroy a microorganism?
punching “holes” in the cell membrane by means of the Membrane Attack Complex
Which of the 4 principal jobs of the complement system is the MOST important?
Opsonization
Opsonization facilitates _____ and _____ of germs by _______?
engulfment
destruction
phagocytes
Complement system ______ bacteria so that the phagocytes can ______, _______ and ______ them?
coats (hangs a flag)
recognize, engulf and destroy
Immune cells get out of blood into the tissues by a process called?
Transendothelial Migration
Extravasation
Immune cells migrate from tissue to the site of infection by what process?
Chemotaxis
A defect in the __________ system are associated with Periodontal Disease?
Transendothelial Migration
What are the 5 steps in Phagocytosis?
1- phagocyte extend pseudopodia projections to attach bacteria to itself
2- phagosome surrounds bacteria
3- phagolysosome is formed
4- Bacteria is digested in phagolysosome
5- Phagocyte discharges pieces of bacteria along with lysosomes
Why do phagocytes produce tissue damage while destroying bacteria?
because the lysosomal enzymes being released with the bacteria pieces destroys the tissue
What is the body’s reaction to injury/invasion by disease-producing organisms?
Inflammation
Inflammation depends on the physical action of the ________ and the ________ they produce?
WBC
Biochemical compounds
In the Inflammation process which cells IMMEDIATELY release their chemicals?
Mast Cells
Mast cells release ____ chemicals and increase ___ during the inflammatory reaction?
capillary dilating
vascular permeability
MINUTES after tissue injury what happens to the blood flow?
increases
What causes the tissue to feel hot and redden?
increased blood flow to the site
Why do we NEED to increase blood flow?
To get the cellular defenders to the site
HOURS after tissue injury _______ and ______ arrive at the site?
WBC
Plasma Proteins
WBC’s eat the bacteria and release?
Biochemical Inflammatory Mediators
What 3 Biochemical Inflammatory Mediators are important in regards to Perio?
Cytokines (Interleukins)
Prostaglandins
MMP (Matrix Metalloproteinase)
MMP produces _________ which breaks down the supporting structure of the periodontum?
Collagenase
Chemokines are a subgroup of?
Cytokines
Chemokines cause what to happen?
attract more immune cells to the site
What are the 2 stages of inflammation?
Acute
Chronic
Acute inflammation is a _______ process that is of ______ duration and wounds wouldn’t _______ without it?
normal
short
heal
What is an INEVITABLE side effect of the inflammatory response?
Tissue Damage
What are the 5 classic signs of Acute inflammation?
Red Hot Swollen Pain Loss of Function
The process of acute inflammation is initiated by the ______?
blood vessels
The liver produces _______ which is an acute phase protein druing acute inflammation
CRP
A pt. with an elevated CRP is at risk for?
Diabetes
Hypertension
Cardiovascular problems
CRP ________ the arteries and promotes ______ formation?
inflames
blood clot
Chronic inflammation is of ______ duration and is a _________ process?
long
out of control
Chronic Inflammation is a _____ condition with _____ warning signs and ____ pain?
pathological
no
no
Why does an acute inflammatory reaction turn chronic?
body can’t eliminate infection
In Periodontitis Chronic Inflammation will destroy ________?
as much tissue (alveolar bone) as needed
Accumulation of _________ cells characterized chronic inflammation?
macrophage
What is the hallmark sign for Periodontal Disease (Chronic Infection)
tissue damage (bone loss)
T/F Tissue damage is due to the bacteria
F- due to our host response to the bacteria
What are the 3 major prostaglandins in relation to Perio?
P
G
E2
Prostaglandin P causes?
redness and edema
Prostaglandin G causes?
destruction of alveolar bone
Prostaglandin E2 causes?
loss of alveolar bone
What are 2 medications that can halt the inflammatory response?
Resolvins (found in omega-3 fatty acids)
Lipoxins
Define Host Response
The way our body responds to a bacterial/viral infection
Prostaglandin ____ is MOST important in Periodontal Disease?
E2
Which cells release prostaglandin E2
Macrophages and PMN’s
MMP’s have at least _____ different enzymes that act together to destroy?
12
connective tissue matrix
What are the 2 sources of MMP production?
PMN’s
Gingival Fibroblasts
The number of _______prostaglandins increase in Perio which causes extensive ______ destruction?
MMP
collagen
Without collagen what 3 things start to degrade?
gingival tissue
PDL
Alveolar Bone
