Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CALU - Kinesiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

If the force of the muscle’s contraction is greater than the resistance to the muscle’s contraction…

A

the muscle will shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

Where the muscle contracts and shortens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If the force of the antagonist is greater than the force of the muscle…

A

the muscle will lengthen instead of shorten (eccentric contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

When the muscle contracts and lengthens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If the force of the muscle’s contraction is exactly equal to the resistance force, then the muscle will…

A

neither shorten nor lengthen (isometric contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mover?

A

Muscle that generates the force that moves a body part to create the joint action that is occurring (“the action in question”).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If the force of the weight of the forearm is greater than the force of the brachialis contraction, the brachialis is eccentrically contracting. What is the mover and what is the antagonist?

A

Mover: gravity
Antagonist: brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are resistance exercises?

A

Exercises that incorporate weights, bands, tubing, etc. to train the muscle to contract with greater force than the resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When the muscle contracts and stays the same length (force of muscle is same as force of resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is aqua therapy important for rehabilitation programs?

A

Supports the body part being moved and decreases the resistance force to the muscle’s contraction; gentle way to begin strengthening exercises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If an arm is held out at 90 degrees and we start to adduct, what keeps us from smacking the arm into the body (from gravity’s pull)

A

Eccentric contraction of the abductor muscles, slowing down the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What defines a muscle contraction?

A

When cross-bridges form and create a pulling force toward the center of the sarcomere (even in eccentric/isometric contractions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If a Z-line is fixed, how does the sarcomere shorten?

A

Myosin on fixed side slides instead of actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is tension?

A

A pulling force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A muscle is defined as contracting when it generates a _____ force toward its center

A

pulling (tensile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is tone?

A

Muscle generating tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is gravity?

A

Force caused by the mutual attraction of all physical matter (mass of objects).

Largest mass is Earth, so gravity pulls us downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The force that gravity exerts on the mass of an object is defined as the _____ of the object

A

weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is gravity-neutral motion?

A

One in which gravity neither resists the motion nor aids it (when body part is being moved horizontally)

Ex: scapular retraction is a concentric contraction that is gravity-neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of contraction is required if we want to move the arm downward faster than the force of gravity (or against a resistance pulling upward)?

A

Concentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a negative contraction?

A

Another term for eccentric contraction because the contraction opposes the force that is creating the action that is occurring (acts as antagonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When do eccentric contractions occur?

A

Usually when force of eccentric contraction is needed to slow down a movement caused by gravity or some other external force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What direction is the force of an eccentric contraction when slowing down act of gravity?

A

upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does eccentric contractions work in slowing momentum of horizontal motion?

A

If muscle that initated movement were to relax, momentum would keep the body part moving farther than we might want - use eccentric to slow it down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Can we use eccentric contraction to slow momentum of vertical upward motion?

A

yes - if body part is moving upward too quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which car pedal relates to concentric contractions? eccentric?

A

Concentric: gas pedal
Eccentric: brake pedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Although muscles can shorten, lengthen, or stay the same length, the muscle is always generating a _______ force toward its ______

A

pulling force toward its center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Concentric contraction _____ movement
Eccentric contraction _____ movement
Isometric contraction ______ movement

A

creates
modifies
stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A muscle that holds a body part in a static position is said to ______ that body part

A

fix / stabilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Muscles that fix a body part in place are called

A

Fixator or stabilizer muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Does a mover shorten or lengthen?

A

Shorten

32
Q

What if a mover is eccentrically contracting?

A

It is no longer the “mover” because it is no longer shortening or causing the “action in question”. It is now an antagonist.

33
Q

A mover muscle can shorten in what 2 ways

A
  1. Concentrically contract and shorten, generating force to create action in question
  2. It is relaxed and shortened, because attachments are brought closer together as the joint action is created by another mover force
34
Q

What is the prime mover?

A

Within a functional group of movers, the prime mover is the most powerful at performing the action in question

35
Q

What is a prime mover group?

A

Muscles that are equally strong at performing the action in question

36
Q

What is an assistant mover?

A

Any mover other than the prime mover (or not member of prime mover group)

37
Q

A mover is also known as an…

A

agonist

38
Q

What is a force-couple?

A

2 or more muscles that have lines of pull in different linear directions, but create the same axial joint motion

(Ex: abs pulling pelvis superior and biceps femoris pulling pelvis inferior results in same posterior tilt of pelvis)

39
Q

In any downward movement, what is always a mover?

A

gravity

40
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Muscle or other force that can perform the opposite action of the action in question (not necessarily opposite all the actions of the mover)

41
Q

What 2 ways can an antagonist lengthen?

A
  1. Eccentrically contract and lengthen, generating braking force on action in question
  2. Be relaxed and lengthen, allowing action in question to occur
42
Q

What is the prime antagonist?

A

Among muscles of antagonist group, muscle with most power at opposing action in question is prime antagonist

43
Q

What is gravity during any upward movement?

A

An antagonist

44
Q

What is productive antagonism?

A

When antagonist is lengthened, it builds up passive elastic recoil tension force which augments the contraction force - gives antagonist stronger force

45
Q

IF we feel mover muscle is causing the action in question to occur too rapidly, we can command the mover muscle to not contract as hard. In this instance, antagonists usually…

A

relax and lengthen

46
Q

What is co-contraction?

A

When mover and antagonist muscles contract at the same time

47
Q

Why is co-contraction unhealthy?

A

Leads to fatigue and injury

48
Q

When is co-contraction desirable?

A

When stabilization of a body part is needed

49
Q

When the movers are contracting, the antagonists are usually

A

relaxing

50
Q

When the antagonists are contracting, the movers are usually

A

relaxing

51
Q

Whichever muscle does contract during the action in question is called

A

the muscle that is working

52
Q

Upward movement - what are the movers and antagonists doing?

A

Movers: concentrically contracting
Antagonists: relaxed

53
Q

Horizontal movement - what are the movers and antagonists doing?

A

Movers: concentrically contracting
Antagonists: relaxed

54
Q

Downward movement - what are the movers and antagonists doing?

A

Movers: relaxed
Antagonists: eccentrically contracting

(unless we want to speed up the downward motion faster than gravity, then movers contract and antagonists relax)

55
Q

What is a fixator (stabilizer)?

A

Muscle (or external force) that stops an unwanted action at the fixed attachment of the muscle that is working

(attachment = whatever body part needs to be fixed)

56
Q

What is a neutralizer?

A

Muscle (or external force) that stops an unwanted action at the mobile attachment of the muscle that is working

(attachment = whatever body part that is moving during action in question)

57
Q

A muscle that is working can either be a ______ or a ______

A

concentrically contracting mover

eccentrically contracting antagonist

58
Q

Why do we need fixators and neutralizers?

A

When a muscle contracts, it wants to perform all of its actions. Fixators and stabilizers stop some of the actions from occurring so the intended action can occur by itself.

Ex: bicep curl - biceps wants to flex at arm and elbow. Stabilizer produces isometric extension force to stop flexion at arm.

59
Q

Mobility muscles tend to be..

A

larger, longer, and more superficial

composed mostly white fast-twitch fibers

60
Q

Mobility muscles are also called

A

phasic muscles

61
Q

Postural stabilization muscles tend to be…

A

smaller, deeper, and located close to joints

composed mostly red slow-twitch fibers

62
Q

Primary job of postural stabilization muscles?

A

Isometrically contract and hold posture of joints fixed while mobility muscles perform their actions

63
Q

Postural (core) stabilizers are also called

A

tonic muscles

64
Q

Do postural stabilization muscles engage before or after the mobility muscles?

A

Before so the joint can be stabilized before powerful muscle contraction

65
Q

What is one of the major tenets of Pilates?

A

Strengthen the “powerhouse” of the body - exercises that isometrically tone the core stabilizers and create efficient coordination of these muscles with mobility muscles

66
Q

Why is core stabilization important?

A

Creates stronger and more efficient movements

Important for health of the spine

67
Q

How does core stabilization create stronger and more efficient movements of our body?

A

Muscle exerts pulling force on its attachments. For one attachment to move powerfully and efficiently, the other must stay fixed.

Movement of muscle that should be fixed will diminish the strength of the pulling force.

68
Q

How does core stabilization create a healthier spine?

A

Diminishes unwanted excessive motions of the spine that lead to overuse and abuse –> OA

69
Q

How does a neutralizer muscle work?

A

Create a contraction force that is equal in strength but opposite in direction to the force of the unwanted action of the muscle that is working.

May change length in one plane to stop motion in another plane

70
Q

What are mutual neutralizers?

A

Two muscles that are both movers (or both antagonists) of the action in question and neutralize each other’s unwanted actions.

Ex: right/left trapezius when both contract cancel unwanted frontal/transverse plane actions –> extension of neck
Ex: TFL/sartorius cancel transverse plane actions –> flex at thigh

71
Q

What is a support muscle?

A

One that can hold another part of the body in position while the action in question is occurring (can also be external force)

(ex: left paraspinal muscles contract while performing right-sided bicep curl)

72
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Muscle (or force) that works with the muscle that is contracting

Can be any other mover or antagonist as well as any other fixator, neutralizer, or support muscle

73
Q

Can muscles be both synergists and antagonists?

A

Yes, depending on the joint action

Ex: biceps brachii and pronator teres both flex forearm at elbow (synergist) but biceps supinates and pronator teres pronates (antagonists)

74
Q

What is coordination?

A

Co-ordering of muscles in the body in their various roles to create smooth and efficient movement

75
Q

Why are the clinical effects of sustained isometric contractions typically more important than effects of concentric and eccentric contractions?

A

Isometric contractions can close off venous supply for long periods which results in a buildup of toxic waste products and irritate nerves. Sometimes arterial supply can be cut off as well leading to possible ischemia.

76
Q

What is a second-order fixator?

A

Fixator that contracts to fix an attachment of a fixator or neutralizer during a joint action

77
Q

What are coupled actions?

A

Two separate joint actions that must occur simultaneously

CALU - Kinesiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions