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CALU - Kinesiology > Module 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Module 2 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major structural classifications of a joint?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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2
Q

Joints ______ movement

A

allow

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3
Q

Muscles _________ movement

A

create

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4
Q

Ligament/joint capsules _______ movement

A

limit

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5
Q

How is “muscles create movement” too simplistic?

A

Muscles create a force on the bones of a joint. It can create movement or stop/modify a movement.

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6
Q

What is the closed-packed position?

A

Position at which joint is most stable; usually result of max congruency and max ligament tightness

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7
Q

What is a congruent joint?

A

Articular surfaces of bones best fit each other

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8
Q

What is the open-packed position?

A

Any position of joint where combo of poor congruency and lax ligaments results in greater mobility and poorer stability

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9
Q

The more mobile a joint is, the less _____ it is (and vice versa)

A

stable

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10
Q

What 3 factors determine the balance of mobility and stability of a joint?

A
  1. Shape of bones
  2. Ligament/joint capsule complex
  3. Musculature of the joint (big ms = less mob)
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11
Q

What are the weight-bearing joints?

A

Almost all lower extremity joints and spinal joints

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12
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Joint in which bones are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Joint in which bones are held together by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Joint in which bones are connected by a joint capsule, which is composed of 2 distinct layers (an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial layer)

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15
Q

Which joints do not have a joint cavity?

A

Fibrous and cartilaginous

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16
Q

The articular ends of bones in a joint cavity are lined with what?

A

Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

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17
Q

What is a synarthrotic joint?

A

Allows little to no movement

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18
Q

What is an amphiarthrotic joint?

A

Allows moderate amount of movement

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19
Q

What is a diarthrotic joint?

A

Allows a lot of movement

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20
Q

What are the 3 sub-types of synarthroses?

A

Synostoses (bony)
Syndesmoses (fibrous)
Synchondroses (cartilaginous)

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21
Q

What are the 3 sub-types of fibrous joints?

A

Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis

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22
Q

What is a syndesmosis joint?

A

United by fibrous ligament or aponeurosis

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23
Q

What is a suture joint?

A

United by thin layer of fibrous material

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24
Q

What is a gomphosis joint?

A

Peg-in-hole shaped bones united by fibrous material

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25
Q

What type of joint is the interosseous membrane of the forearm?

A

Fibrous syndesmosis

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26
Q

What is synostosis?

A

Joint that has fused over with bone (ex: cranial suture joints)

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27
Q

What is the only gomphosis joint?

A

Teeth and mandible (movement only allowed early in life)

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28
Q

What kind of cartilage is in a cartilaginous joint?

A

Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

2 sub-types of cartilaginous joints

A

Symphysis

Synchondrosis

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30
Q

What is a symphysis joint?

A

Fibrocartilage in form of disc unites bodies of 2 bones

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31
Q

What type of joint is intervertebral disc joint or pubic symphysis?

A

Carilaginous symphysis

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32
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage unites 2 bones

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33
Q

What type of joint is the costal cartilage between a rib and sternum?

A

Cartilaginous synchondrosis

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34
Q

What type of joints are wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, hip?

A

Synovial

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35
Q

What secretes synovial fluid into a joint cavity?

A

Inner synovial membrane layer

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36
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous structure that attaches from bone to bone

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37
Q

What is ligament primarily made of?

A

Collagen fibers

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38
Q

Why is it called “ligamentous/joint capsule complex”?

A

Some ligaments evolved independent of fibrous capsule; other ligaments never fully separated and are considered thickenings of the fibrous capsule

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39
Q

Are ligaments extra- or intra-articular (outside or inside the joint capsule)?

A

Mostly outside

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40
Q

What is a muscle?

A

Soft tissue specialized to contract

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41
Q

What kind of tendon is the long head of the biceps at the shoulder joint? (intra or extra-articular?)

A

intra-articular

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42
Q

What is a uniaxial joint?

A

Allows motion around 1 axis in 1 plane

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43
Q

What is a biaxial joint?

A

Allows motion around 2 axes in 2 planes

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44
Q

What is a triaxial joint? (polyaxial)

A

Allows motion around 3 axes in 3 planes

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45
Q

What is a nonaxial joint?

A

Allows motion within a plane, but only gliding

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46
Q

What are 2 sub-types of uniaxial synovial joint?

A

Hinge

Pivot

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47
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Surface of one bone is spool-like and other bone is concave

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48
Q

Example of hinge joint

A

Elbow, ankle

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49
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

One surface shaped like a ring, other surface shaped to rotate within ring

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50
Q

Example of pivot joint

A

Atlantoaxial (atlas [C1] and odontoid process [dens, C2]), proximal radio-ulnar (radial notch of ulna and annular ligament)

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51
Q

2 sub-types of biaxial joint?

A

Condyloid (ovoid, ellipsoid)

Saddle (sellar)

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52
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

One bone concave, other convex

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53
Q

Example of condyloid joint?

A

MCP joint, radiocarpal joint

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54
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Modified condyloid joint; both bones has convexity and concavity to surface; convexity of one fits into concavity of other and vice versa

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55
Q

Example of saddle joint?

A

CMC (carpometacarpal), sternoclavicular

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56
Q

Which actions can condyloid joints perform?

A

Flexion/Extension (sagittal)

Adduction/Abduction (frontal)

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57
Q

What plane does flexion/extension occur in the thumb? Adduction/Abduction?

A

F/E occurs in frontal, Ad/Ab in sagittal (due to orientation of thumb)

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58
Q

If the saddle joint of the thumb moves in all three cardinal planes, why is it a biaxial joint?

A

Only allows motion around 2 axes

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59
Q

What is the only major type of triaxial synovial joint?

A

Ball-and-socket joint

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60
Q

What kind of joints are intercarpal joints (between carpal bones) or facet joints?

A

Nonaxial synovial joints

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61
Q

What are menisci and articular discs? What are their function?

A

Additional intra-articular fibrocartilage that maximizes congruency of a joint - this maintains normal joint movements and cushion the joint.

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62
Q

What is an articular disc?

A

Ring-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that increases joint congruency

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63
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

Crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that increases joint congruency

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64
Q

Where would you find an articular disc?

A

TMJ, SCJ

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65
Q

Where would you find articular menisci?

A

Between tibia and femur

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66
Q

How many moveable elements of the spine?

A

26

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67
Q

How many bones in the coccyx?

A

4

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68
Q

What is a scoliosis?

A

Any spinal curve that exists from a posterior view of the spine

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69
Q

What is a left lumbar scoliosis?

A

Curve in lumbar spine convex to the left

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70
Q

What are the primary spinal curves?

A

Formed before birth (thoracic and sacrococcygeal)

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71
Q

What are the secondary spinal curves?

A

Formed after birth (lumbar and cervical)

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72
Q

What does kyphotic mean?

A

Concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly

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73
Q

What does lordotic mean?

A

Convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly

74
Q

What creates cervical lordosis?

A

Baby lifting head to look around

75
Q

What creates lumbar lordosis?

A

Baby extending the back to sit up

76
Q

An adult curved spine is attained at approximately what age?

A

10

77
Q

What are the 4 functions of the spine?

A
  1. Structural support for body
  2. Allow for movement
  3. Protect the spinal cord
  4. Shock absorption
78
Q

At what joint does the head move relative to the neck?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

79
Q

At what joint does the pelvis move relative to the trunk?

A

Lumbosacral joint

80
Q

What are the 2 ways the spine provides shock absorption from compression forces?

A
  1. Nucleus pulposus absorbs force in disc

2. Curves of spine bend and increase slightly

81
Q

A spinal joint such as C5-C6 is also referred to as a ___?

A

segmental level of the spine

82
Q

What is the medial joint in a spinal segment?

A

Intervertebral disc joint

83
Q

What are the 2 lateral joints in a spinal segment?

A

R/L facet joints

84
Q

What is different about the medial spinal joint at the AOJ and AAJ?

A

They are not disc joints

85
Q

What type of joint is the spinal disc joint?

A

Cartilaginous symphysis (amphiarthrotic)

86
Q

What is a disc joint composed of?

A
  1. Outer annulus fibrosus
  2. Inner nucleus pulposus
  3. 2 vertebral endplates
87
Q

Discs account for how much of the spine’s height?

A

25%

88
Q

The thicker a spinal disc is…

A

the greater the shock absorption and movement

89
Q

How much body weight (%) is distributed between disc joint and facet joints?

A

80% of weight above = disc

20% of weight above = facet

90
Q

What is the implication of a compressed disc joint?

A

Decreased opening of intervertebral foramina where the spinal nerves travel

91
Q

What are symptoms of a pinched nerve?

A

Pain, numbness, weakness

92
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

93
Q

Nucleus pulposus is what % water?

A

80%

94
Q

Vertebral endplate is made of?

A

Fibro and hyaline cartilage

95
Q

Importance of basket weave configuration of concentric layers of annulus fibrosus?

A

Resists and stabilizes disc joint during distraction, shear, and torsion forces

96
Q

How do you keep the nucleus pulposus hydrated?

A

Thixotropy (movement of the spine)

97
Q

What is a slipped disc?

A

Injury to the annulus fibrosus which allows nucleus pulposus to bulge or rupture through the fibers; can compress a nerve through bulging or thinning the disc

98
Q

Where are vertebral facet joints located?

A

Between articular processes of 2 contiguous vertebrae (superior to inferior process)

99
Q

What type of joint are facet joints?

A

Synovial plane joints (diarthrotic)

100
Q

Orientation of facets in upper cervical spine?

A

Transverse plane (rotation)

101
Q

Orientation of facets in mid-cervical spine

A

45 deg transverse/frontal plane (rotation and lateral flexion)

102
Q

Orientation of facets in thoracic spine

A

Frontal (lateral flexion)

103
Q

Orientation of facets in lumbar spine

A

Sagittal (flexion/extension)

104
Q

Function of facet joints?

A

Guides motion in orientation best suited for that specific segment (but can glide in other directions)

105
Q

Ligaments of the spine (9)?

A 
Fibrous capsules of facet joints
Annulus fibrosus of disc joints
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamenta flava
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligaments
Nuchal ligament
106
Q

In what direction does a ligament limit motion?

A

Direction that is opposite itself (anterior ligament limits posterior motion)

107
Q

What motions are allowed by spinal joints?

A

Flexion/extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
Translation (R/L, A/P, Sup/Inf)

108
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Runs along anterior margins of vertebral bodies; limits extension

109
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Runs along posterior margins of vertebrae in spinal canal; limits flexion

110
Q

What are the ligamenta flava?

A

2 ligaments that run along L/R anterior margins of laminae in the spinal canal; limit flexion

111
Q

What are the interspinous ligaments?

A

Separate short ligaments between adjacent spinous processes; limit flexion

112
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A

Runs along posterior margins of spinous processes; limits flexion

113
Q

What are the intertransverse ligaments

A

Separate short ligaments between adjacent transverse processes; limit contralateral lateral flexion and rotation

114
Q

What ligaments are absent in the neck compared to the spine?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

115
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

Runs along and between spinous processes from C7 to external occipital protuberance; thickening of supraspinous ligament; limits flexion and is attachment for muscles

116
Q

Which muscles attach to the nuchal ligament?

A 
Trapezius
Splenius capitis
Rhomboids
Serratus posterior superior
Cervical spinales
117
Q

Muscles that produce spinal extension are where? Fiber direction?

A

Posterior trunk - vertical direction

118
Q

Muscles that produce spinal flexion are where? Fiber direction?

A

Anterior trunk - vertical direction

119
Q

Muscles that produce spinal lateral flexion are where? Fiber direction?

A

Side of body - vertical direction

almost all flexors and extensors are also ipsilateral lateral flexors

120
Q

What is the joint between the occiput and C1

A

Atlanto-occipital (AOJ)

121
Q

What is the joint between C1 and C2?

A

Atlantoaxial (AAJ)

122
Q

What type of joint is the AOJ?

A

Synovial condyloid (triaxial diarthrotic)

123
Q

What is the median joint of the AAJ? The two lateral joints?

A

Median: atlanto-odontoid (posterior surface of anterior arch of atlas and anterior surface of odontoid process [dens] of axis)

Lateral: facet joints

124
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-odontoid joint?

A

Pivot joint

125
Q

What type of joint are the lateral facets of the AAJ?

A

Plane joints

126
Q

Is AAJ uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial?

A

biaxial (diarthrotic)

127
Q

When you turn your head from side to side (as in “no), majority of movement occurs at what joint?

A

AAJ

128
Q

Ligaments of the upper cervical (occipito-atlantoaxial) region (11)

A 
Nuchal ligament
Facet joint fibrous capsules of AOJ
Facet joint fibrous capsules of AAJ
Posterior AO membrane
Tectorial membrane
Accessory atlantoaxial ligament
Cruciate ligament of the dens
Alar ligaments of the dens
Apical odontoid ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
129
Q

What is a continuation of the ligamentum flavum in the cervical spine?

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (posterior arch of atlas and occiput)

130
Q

What is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine?

A

Tectorial membrane

131
Q

What attaches the dens of the axis to the atlas and occiput?

A

Cruciate ligament of the dens (transverse, superior, and inferior bands)

132
Q

What is the name of C7

A

Vertebral prominens

133
Q

What kind of spinous/transverse processes does the cervical spine have?

A

Bifid

134
Q

What is the uncinate process?

A

Superior surfaces of cervical vertebral bodies curve upward laterally

135
Q

What is an uncovertebral joint?

A

Where lateral sides of 2 contiguous cervical vertebrae meet each other - add some stability

136
Q

If the neck performs a lateral flexion, what other movement also occurs?

A

Ipsilateral rotation (due to facet joints in oblique plane)

137
Q

Explain thorax vs abdomen

A 
Thorax = thoracic spine region
Abdomen = lumbar spine region
138
Q

On each rib, what are the 2 costospinal articulations with the spine?

A

Costovertebral joint

Costotransverse joint

139
Q

What is the costovertebral joint?

A

Where the rib meets the bodies/discs of the spine

140
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

Where the rib meets the transverse process of the spine

141
Q

What kind of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse?

A

Nonaxial synovial

142
Q

Which ribs articulate with the sternum and therefore have sternocostal joints?

A

1-10

143
Q

Why is the thoracic spine injured less often?

A

It is more stable (moves less) than cervical/lumbar spines

144
Q

Why is proper movement of the rib joints extremely important?

A

For respiration

145
Q

The head of the rib forms the costovertebral joint how?

A

Attaches to the inferior costal hemifacet of the superior vertebra, and superior costal hemifacet of the inferior vertebra

146
Q

Which ligament stabilizes the costovertebral joint?

A

Radiate ligament

147
Q

What is different between rib 1 and ribs 2-10?

A

Rib 1 meets a full costal facet at superior end of body of T1 vertebra

148
Q

Where does costovertebral joints form for ribs 11 and 12?

A

11 and 12 meet a full facet at the superior body of T11 and T12, respectively

149
Q

Why don’t ribs 11 and 12 have costotransverse joints?

A

They do not articulate with transverse processes of thoracic spine

150
Q

What are the muscles of respiration?

A

Any muscles that have the ability to change the volume of the thoracic cavity - includes abdominal muscles

151
Q

Primary muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm (elevates lower 6 ribs)

152
Q

What muscles are working during relaxed breathing?

A

Just the diaphragm

153
Q

Which ribs are true? false? floating?

A

True: #1-7
False: #8-10
Floating: #11-12

154
Q

What kind of joints are sternocostal?

A

Cartilaginous synchondrosis (amphiarthrotic, gliding)

155
Q

What are the 3 joints of the sternocostal joint?

A 
Costochondral joint (rib and cartilage)
Chondrosternal joint (cartilage and sternum)
Interchondral joint (between cartilage of ribs 5-10)
156
Q

What are the 2 intrasternal joints?

A

Manubriosternal joint

Sternoxiphoid joint

157
Q

What is the common term for hyperlordosis?

A

Swayback

158
Q

The lumbar spine moves freely in all directions except…

A

rotation

159
Q

Why does the lumbosacral joint region not allow sagittal plane motions (flexion/extension)?

A

Because the facets have changed from sagittal to frontal orientation

160
Q

Why is the low back injured so often?

A

It needs a lot of stability for weight bearing, but it also allows for a lot of mobility

161
Q

When the lumbar spine performs lateral flexion, what motion is also produced?

A

Contralateral rotation

162
Q

What are the large sheets of fibrous tissue located in the trunk? Where are they located? Function?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia (posterior trunk) and abdominal aponeurosis (anterior trunk)

Functions: attachment sites for muscles; add stability

163
Q

How many layers of thoracolumbar fascia?

A
  1. anterior
  2. middle
  3. deep
164
Q

Spine Range of Motion

A

F: 135
E: 120
LF: 90
R: 120

165
Q

Flexion/Extension occurs in what plane? around what axis?

A

Sagittal plane

Mediolateral axis

166
Q

Lateral flexion occurs in what plane? around what axis?

A

Frontal plane

Anteroposterior axis

167
Q

Rotation occurs in what plane? around what axis?

A

Transverse plane

Vertical axis

168
Q

Major muscles of spinal joints (general)?

A

Extensors
Flexors
Lateral flexors
Rotators

169
Q

AOJ ROM?

A

F: 5
E: 10
LF: 5
R: 5

170
Q

AAJ ROM?

A

F: 5
E: 10
LF: N/A
R: 40

171
Q

Muscles of atlanto-axial region?

A

Suboccipital
Rectus capitis anterior
Recuts capitis lateralis

172
Q

ROM of C2-3 to C7-T1

A

F: 40
E: 60
LF: 40
R: 40

173
Q

ROM of C1-2 to C7-T1

A

F: 45
E: 70
LF: 40
R: 85

174
Q

Thoracic spine ROM

A

F: 45
E: 25
LF: 25
R: 35

175
Q

3 sub-types of rib joints

A

Costospinal
Sternocostal
Intersternal

176
Q

3 sub-types of sternocostal joints

A

Costochondral
Chondrosternal
Interchondral (manubriosternal, sternoxyphoid)

177
Q

Abdominal breathing is primarily what body part?

A

Diaphragm

178
Q

Thoracic breathing is primarily what body part?

A

Lower Ribs

179
Q

What does the sacral base angle determine?

A

Curve of the spine

180
Q

Lumbar spine ROM?

A

F: 50
E: 15
LF: 20
R: 5

181
Q

Thoracolumbar spine ROM?

A

F: 85
E: 40
LF: 45
R: 35

CALU - Kinesiology (8 decks)

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