Module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteria Microscopic
A
unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
2
Q
Bacteriology Study of bacteria
A
a branch of microbiology.
3
Q
Size of Bacteria Typically 0.2-1.5 μm in diameter.
A
4
Q
Mycoplasma species Smallest bacteria
A
approximately 0.2 μm.
5
Q
Thiomargarita magnifica Largest bacteria
A
about 1 cm long.
6
Q
Epulopiscium fishelsoni One of the largest bacteria
A
~750 μm.
7
Q
Coccus Spherical-shaped bacteria
A
e.g.
8
Q
Bacillus Rod-shaped bacteria
A
e.g.
9
Q
Spiral Bacteria Curved or helical
A
e.g.
10
Q
Monococci Individual cocci cells
A
e.g.
11
Q
Diplococci Cocci arranged in pairs
A
e.g.
12
Q
Streptococci Cocci in long chains
A
e.g.
13
Q
Staphylococci Cocci in grape-like clusters
A
e.g.
14
Q
Tetrads Square groups of four cocci cells.
A
15
Q
Sarcinae Cubical packets of eight cocci cells.
A
16
Q
Bacillus Arrangement Single unattached rod-shaped bacteria.
A
17
Q
Diplobacilli Bacilli arranged in pairs.
A
18
Q
Cytoplasm Gel-like substance within bacterial cells.
A
19
Q
Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis in bacteria.
A
20
Q
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions Storage granules within bacterial cytoplasm.
A
21
Q
Bacterial Nucleus Region containing bacterial genetic material.
A
22
Q
Bacterial Spores Dormant
A
resistant structures for survival.
23
Q
Glycocalyx Outer coating providing protection and adhesion.
A
24
Q
Streptobacilli Bacilli arranged in chains.
A
25
Palisade Bacilli in fence-like arrangement resembling 'V'.
26
Coccobacilli Bacilli with rounded or oval-shaped ends.
27
Spiral Long helical-shaped or twisted bacteria.
28
Curved/Comma Comma-shaped bacteria
e.g.
29
Bacilli Rod-shaped bacteria.
30
Glycocalyx Network of polysaccharide or protein outside cell.
31
Capsule Thick layer providing protection from immune defenses.
32
Slime Layer Loosely attached layer aiding biofilm formation.
33
Cell Wall Layer outside plasma membrane
maintains shape.
34
Peptidoglycan Polymer of NAG and NAM in cell wall.
35
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) Monomer in peptidoglycan structure.
36
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Monomer crosslinked by peptides in peptidoglycan.
37
Flagella Appendages for bacterial motility.
38
Pili/Fimbriae Hair-like structures for attachment and conjugation.
39
Cytoplasm Gel-like substance within bacterial cell.
40
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis in bacteria.
41
Intracytoplasmic inclusions Storage structures within bacterial cytoplasm.
42
Bacterial nucleus Region containing bacterial DNA.
43
Bacterial spores Dormant
resistant forms of bacteria.
44
Functions of Glycocalyx Promotes attachment
prevents phagocytosis
45
Resistance to drying Glycocalyx function that prevents dehydration.
46
Gram-Positive Bacteria Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
47
Peptidoglycan Polymer of sugars and amino acids in cell walls.
48
Teichoic Acid Polymers linked to peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria.
49
Lipid A Component of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria.
50
Core Polysaccharide Central part of lipopolysaccharide structure.
51
O Antigen Variable component of lipopolysaccharide in bacteria.
52
Periplasm Space between outer membrane and plasma membrane.
53
Outer Membrane Bilayer structure external to peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria.
54
Lipoprotein Protein that links outer membrane to peptidoglycan.
55
Porin Protein channels in outer membrane for molecule transport.
56
Cell Wall Functions Provides shape
rigidity
57
Gram-Negative Bacteria Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane.
58
Cytoplasmic Membrane Inner membrane surrounding the bacterial cytoplasm.
59
Pentaglycine Cross-Link Linkage between peptidoglycan layers in Gram-positive bacteria.
60
Plasma Membrane Membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of bacteria.
61
L-Ala Amino acid in Gram-negative bacterial tetrapeptide.
62
E. coli Common example of Gram-negative bacteria.
63
Cell Division Process involving cell wall during bacterial reproduction.
64
Murein Another name for peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
65
Osmotic Pressure Pressure exerted by solutes in bacterial protoplasm.
66
Cross-Linking Formation of links between peptidoglycan strands.
67
Cell Wall Thickness Gram-positive: ~80 nm; Gram-negative: ~5-10% dry weight.
68
Mesosomes Infoldings of the plasma membrane in bacteria.
69
N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) A sugar component in bacterial cell walls.
70
N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) Found only in bacterial cell walls.
71
Peptide side chain Generally consists of four amino acids.
72
L-alanine An amino acid in bacterial cell walls.
73
D-alanine Another amino acid in bacterial cell walls.
74
D-glutamic acid An amino acid in the peptide side chain.
75
Diamino pimelic acid (DPA) An amino acid in bacterial cell walls.
76
Cytoplasmic Phase Initial phase of cell wall precursor synthesis.
77
UDP-NAM Uridine diphosphate N-acetyl muramic acid.
78
UDP-NAG Uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine.
79
Bactoprenol Lipid carrier transporting peptidoglycan precursors.
80
Transpeptidation Cross-linking of peptides in bacterial cell walls.
81
Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) Enzymes catalyzing transpeptidation in bacteria.
82
Extracellular Phase Phase involving cross-linking of NAG-NAM chains.
83
Mur Enzymes Catalyze precursor synthesis for cell wall formation.
84
Transglycosylases Enzymes linking sugar chains in peptidoglycan.
85
Transpeptidases Enzymes forming peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan.
86
Lipid I Intermediate in peptidoglycan synthesis with UDP-NAG.
87
Lipid II Intermediate with completed NAG-NAM-pentapeptide.
88
MurA
MurB
89
Cycloserine An antibiotic targeting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
90
Vancomycin An antibiotic inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
91
Cell Membrane Thin barrier composed of phospholipids and proteins.
92
Periplasm Space between the inner and outer membranes.
93
Phospholipid bilayer Double layer of phospholipids in cell membranes.
94
Hydrophilic head Water-attracting part of phospholipid.
95
Hydrophobic tail Water-repelling fatty acid part of phospholipid.
96
Integral proteins Proteins embedded within the cell membrane.
97
Peripheral proteins Proteins attached to the membrane surface.
98
Semipermeable membrane Allows selective passage of substances.
99
Glycoprotein Protein with carbohydrate chains attached.
100
Glycolipid Lipid with carbohydrate chains attached.
101
Channel protein Facilitates transport of molecules across membranes.
102
Flagella Long
slender appendages for bacterial motility.
103
Filament Longest part of the flagellum structure.
104
Hook Curved segment linking filament to basal body.
105
Basal body Anchors flagellum in the cell membrane.
106
Proton motive force Energy source for flagellar movement.
107
Monotrichous Single flagellum at one pole of bacteria.
108
Amphitrichous Flagella at both ends of the bacterium.
109
Lophotrichous Tuft of flagella at one or both ends.
110
Peritrichous Flagella distributed around the bacterial surface.
111
Pili or fimbriae Short
hair-like appendages for attachment.
112
Flagellar synthesis Regeneration of flagellum occurs at the tip.
113
Flagellin protein Protein subunit composing the flagellum.
114
Cell motility Movement capability of cells.
115
Chemical energy generation Production of ATP in cellular processes.
116
Fimbriae Structures aiding bacterial attachment to surfaces.
117
Common pili Adhesion organs for bacterial cell attachment.
118
Sex pili Longer pili for DNA transfer during conjugation.
119
Flagella Appendages enabling bacterial motility.
120
Cell wall Rigid structure providing shape and protection.
121
Capsule Outer layer enhancing bacterial protection and adhesion.
122
Circular chromosome Single
supercoiled DNA molecule in bacteria.
123
Cytoplasm Viscous solution containing cellular components.
124
Ribosomes Sites for protein synthesis in bacteria.
125
mRNA Messenger RNA encoding protein information.
126
tRNA Transfer RNA linking amino acids to mRNA.
127
rRNA Ribosomal RNA forming the ribosome structure.
128
Intracytoplasmic inclusions Storage bodies reducing osmotic pressure in bacteria.
129
Volutin granules Storage reservoirs for phosphate in bacteria.
130
Nucleoid Irregular region containing circular DNA in bacteria.
131
Plasmids Small DNA molecules carrying extra genes.
132
Gene therapy Using genes to treat or prevent diseases.
133
DNA vaccines Vaccines using DNA to elicit immune responses.
134
Cell therapy Treating diseases by modifying or replacing cells.
135
Viral vectors Viruses used to deliver genetic material.
136
Antibiotic resistance genes Genes providing bacteria resistance to antibiotics.
137
Biotechnology Using biological systems for technological applications.
138
Conjugation DNA transfer between bacteria via direct contact.
139
Plasmid Circular DNA molecule in bacteria
often carrying genes.
140
Selectable Marker Gene allowing identification of successful genetic modifications.
141
Antibiotic Resistance Gene Gene providing bacteria resistance to specific antibiotics.
142
Origin of Replication Site where DNA replication begins in plasmids.
143
Promoter DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a gene.
144
Restriction Site Specific DNA sequence recognized by restriction enzymes.
145
Inserted Gene Gene introduced into a plasmid for expression.
146
5' Primer Site Starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR.
147
3' Primer Site Ending point for DNA synthesis in PCR.
148
Endospore Dormant
resistant structure formed by bacteria.
149
Vegetative Cell Metabolically active form of a bacterial cell.
150
Core Innermost part of an endospore
contains DNA.
151
Spore Wall Layer surrounding the core
forms germinating cell wall.
152
Cortex Thick layer of peptidoglycan in endospore structure.
153
Spore Coat Outer protective layer of the endospore.
154
Exosporium Loose covering of some spores
may have ridges.
155
Sporulation Process of endospore formation from vegetative cells.
156
Germination Return of endospore to vegetative growth.
157
Bacillus anthracis Bacterium causing anthrax
forms endospores.
158
Clostridium botulinum Bacterium causing botulism
produces potent toxin.
159
Clostridium perfringens Bacterium causing gas gangrene
forms endospores.
160
Clostridium tetani Bacterium causing tetanus
forms endospores.
161
Dipicolinic Acid Compound stabilizing endospore structure
aids in resistance.
162
Pressurized Steam Effective method to destroy endospores at 120°C.
163
Cortex Peptidoglycan Sensitive to lysozyme
involved in spore germination.
164
Metabolically Inactive State of endospores
not actively growing.
