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VMCB 121 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial Growth

A

Increase in number of bacteria over time.

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2
Q

What are the 6 requirements for bacteria growth

A

Moisture/water
pH
temperature
Osmotic pressure
Atmosphere
Nutrients

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3
Q

Moisture Requirement

A

Essential water needed for bacterial growth.

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4
Q

pH

A

Acidity or alkalinity affecting bacterial survival.

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5
Q

Temperature

A

Optimal heat range for bacterial growth.

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6
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure affecting water movement in cells.

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7
Q

Atmosphere

A

Gas composition surrounding bacteria during growth.

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8
Q

Nutrients

A

Essential substances for bacterial metabolism.

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9
Q

What are the reproductive methods available to prokaryotes?

A

Budding
Conidiospores
Fragmentation of filaments
Binary fission

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10
Q

Budding

A

Asexual reproduction forming outgrowths from parent.

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11
Q

Conidiospores

A

Spores formed through filament fragmentation.

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12
Q

Binary Fission

A

Primary method of bacterial cell division.

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13
Q

Generation Time

A

Time for one cell to divide into two.

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14
Q

How long does it take for Escherichia coli to divide

A

Bacterium with 15-20 minutes division time.

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15
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A
  1. Cell elongation DNA replication
  2. Invagination of cell wall and plasma membrane
  3. Formation of cross-wall around the DNA replicate
  4. Separation of cells
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16
Q

What are the phases of bacterial growth?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Decline or death phase
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17
Q

Lag Phase

A

Initial phase of adaptation before growth.

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18
Q

Log Phase

A

Rapid exponential growth of bacteria.

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19
Q

Stationary Phase

A

Growth rate equals death rate in culture.

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20
Q

Decline Phase

A

Decrease in bacterial population over time.

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21
Q

Streak Plate Method

A

Technique for isolating pure bacterial cultures.

Makes use of four quadrants

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22
Q

Pour Plate Method

A

Serial dilutions using melted agar for cultures.

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23
Q

Culture Medium

A

Nutrient solution for microbial growth.

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24
Q

Agar

A

Solidifying agent for culture media, non-metabolized.

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25
Selective Media
Allows specific organisms to grow, inhibits others.
26
Selective Inhibition
Use of substances to inhibit specific microorganisms.
27
Mannitol Salt Agar
Selective medium for isolating pathogenic staphylococci.
28
Phenol Red Indicator
pH indicator that changes color with acidity.
29
Differential Media
Media that distinguishes between different microbial colonies.
30
Coliforms
Bacteria indicating fecal contamination in water.
31
MacConkey Agar
Differential medium for detecting lactose fermenters.
32
Crystal Violet
Dye that inhibits Gram-positive bacteria growth.
33
Bile Salts
Inhibitory agents for Gram-positive organisms in media.
34
Enrichment Media
Media that promotes growth of specific microbes.
35
Phenol-Degrading Bacteria
Microbes that metabolize phenol as a carbon source.
36
Deep-Freezing
Preservation method at temperatures between -50° to -95°C.
37
Lyophilization
Freeze-drying technique for preserving bacterial cultures.
38
Analytical Profile Index (API)
Rapid bacterial identification using biochemical tests.
39
Non-Culturable Organisms
Microbes observable but cannot be cultured in labs.
40
Direct Visualization
Microscopic examination of specimens for pathogen detection.
41
Sputum
Mucus from the respiratory tract for microbial analysis.
42
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid analyzed for central nervous system infections.
43
Stains
Dyes that color cellular structures for visibility.
44
Acidic Dyes
Negatively charged dyes binding to positive structures.
45
Basic Dyes
Positively charged dyes commonly used in bacteriology.
46
Microscopic Morphology
Shape and structure of microorganisms observed under a microscope.
47
Staining Characteristics
Unique features observed through the application of stains.
48
Simple stain
Uses a single dye to visualize cells.
49
Differential stain
Utilizes multiple dyes to differentiate bacteria.
50
Special stain
Identifies specific structures in bacteria.
51
Gram stain
Common method to classify bacteria by cell wall.
52
Gram positive
Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell walls.
53
Gram negative
Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane.
54
Mycoplasma
Bacteria lacking a cell wall.
55
Gram-variable bacteria
Bacteria that do not consistently stain.
56
Therapeutic importance
Guides antibiotic treatment based on stain results.
57
Fastidious organisms
Bacteria requiring complex nutrients to grow.
58
Fragile organisms
Bacteria that may not survive transport.
59
Limitations of Gram stain
Requires high microorganism numbers for effective staining.
60
Cerebrospinal fluid
Liquid sample often low in microorganisms.
61
Acid-fast stain
Identifies bacteria with mycolic acids in walls.
62
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinically significant acid-fast bacterium.
63
Nocardia species
Acid-fast bacteria with clinical relevance in animals.
64
India ink preparation
Stains background, leaving organisms clear.
65
Gelatinous capsule
Structure identified by India ink staining.
66
Cryptococcus neoformans
Fungus identified using India ink method.
67
Shaeffer-Fulton Method
Special stain for visualizing endospores.
68
Methylene blue
Simple stain used for cell visualization.
69
Crystal violet
Primary stain in Gram staining procedure.
70
Safranin
Counterstain used in Gram staining.
71
Malachite green
Stain used for endospore visualization.
72
India Ink
Stained background used for visualizing capsules.
73
Cryptococcus neoformans
Bacteria detected in CSF for meningitis.
74
Microscopy
Technology for high clarity images of small objects.
75
Light Microscopes
Optical devices using lenses and light for magnification.
76
Electron Microscopes
Use electron beams for high-resolution imaging.
77
Magnification
Enlargement of objects beyond 0.1 mm visibility.
78
Resolution
Ability to distinguish two close objects as separate.
79
Micrometers
Unit for measuring small objects; 10^-6 meters.
80
Nanometers
Unit for measuring; 10^-9 meters.
81
Angstrom
Unit for measuring; 10^-10 meters.
82
Bright Field Microscopy
Illuminated by natural light for stained specimens.
83
Dark Field Microscopy
Examines live organisms without staining; uses opaque disc.
84
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Enhances contrast for internal structures of living cells.
85
Fluorescence Microscopy
Uses UV light to visualize stained specimens.
86
Simple Microscope
Single lens microscope, used for dissection.
87
Compound Microscope
Multiple lenses, uses visible light for magnification.
88
Transmission Electron Microscope
High-resolution imaging at atomic levels.
89
Scanning Electron Microscope
Produces 3D images of specimen surfaces.
90
Fluorescent Dyes
Used in fluorescence microscopy for specimen staining.
91
Electromagnetic Lenses
Focus electrons in electron microscopes.
92
Shadow Image
Result of unscattered electrons hitting a screen.
93
Ciliated Cells
Cells in airways affected by viruses like coronavirus.
94
Triple Fluorescence Staining
Technique for visualizing endothelial cells in microscopy.

VMCB 121 (5 decks)

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