Module 3 and 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Taxonomy
A
Science of classifying organisms into taxa.
2
Q
Units of classification
A
Hierarchical categories used in taxonomy.
3
Q
Molecular subtyping
A
Identifying bacteria based on genetic material.
4
Q
Phylogenetic approaches
A
Methods analyzing evolutionary relationships among organisms.
5
Q
RFLP
A
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, DNA analysis method.
6
Q
PCR-based methods
A
Techniques for amplifying DNA segments.
7
Q
Nucleic acid hybridization
A
Binding of complementary DNA strands.
8
Q
DNA sequencing
A
Determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
9
Q
Numerical taxonomy
A
Classification based on quantitative data.
10
Q
Nucleic acid sequencing
A
Determining nucleotide order in DNA/RNA.
11
Q
Fingerprinting
A
Identifying organisms using unique genetic patterns.
12
Q
Morphology
A
Study of organism structure and form.
13
Q
Metabolism
A
Chemical processes within organisms for energy.
14
Q
Physiology
A
Study of biological functions in organisms.
15
Q
Cell chemistry
A
Chemical composition and processes in cells.
16
Q
Motility
A
Ability of organisms to move independently.
17
Q
Genetic information
A
Encoded data in DNA base sequences.
18
Q
Mutation
A
Change in DNA sequence of an organism.
19
Q
Conjugation
A
Transfer of genetic material between bacteria.
20
Q
Transduction
A
Gene transfer via bacteriophages.
21
Q
GC content
A
Percentage of guanine and cytosine in DNA.
22
Q
Phylogeny
A
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
23
Q
Phylogenetic analysis
A
Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
24
Q
Taxonomy
A
Classification reflecting phylogenetic relationships among organisms.
25
Importance of Taxonomy
Enables accurate identification and communication of organisms.
26
Three Primary Lineages
Cellular life evolved into Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
27
Domains of Life
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic; Eukarya are eukaryotic.
28
Levels of Classification
Hierarchy includes Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
29
Mnemonic for Classification Levels
Do Kings Play Chess on Fridays, Generally Speaking?
30
Bacterial Species Definition
Subjective collection of strains with similar properties.
31
Reproductive Isolation in Higher Organisms
Species interbreed naturally and are reproductively isolated.
32
DNA-DNA Hybridization
Species share 70% binding in hybridization studies.
33
16s rRNA Identity
Species share over 97% gene-sequence identity.
34
Carolus Linnaeus
Developed binomial nomenclature for naming organisms.
35
Binomial System
Two-part naming system using generic and specific names.
36
International Code of Nomenclature
Guidelines for naming bacteria and microorganisms.
37
Numerical Taxonomy
Grouping taxonomic units based on numerical characteristics.
38
Peter Sneath
Pioneered numerical methods in taxonomy with Robert Sokal.
39
Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)
Taxonomic units studied for biological characteristics.
40
Stages in Numerical Taxonomy
Includes strain selection and test selection.
41
Strain Selection
Involves pure cultures and reference cultures.
42
Test Selection
Variety of tests for evaluating taxonomic units.
43
Taxonomic Units
Organisms grouped based on shared characteristics.
44
Affinity Arrangement
Taxonomic units arranged by similarity and relationships.
45
Rapid methods
Techniques for quick bacterial identification.
46
Recording results
Documenting outcomes of experiments and tests.
47
Test error analysis
Evaluating inaccuracies and rejecting unreliable results.
48
Data coding
Organizing data for analysis and interpretation.
49
Computer analyses
Using software for similarity calculations and clustering.
50
Cluster analysis
Grouping similar data points based on characteristics.
51
Interpretation of results
Understanding and explaining experimental findings.
52
Definition of clusters
Identifying groups based on shared traits.
53
ID scheme
Systematic method for identifying bacterial strains.
54
Representative strains
Selected samples for further related studies.
55
Colonial morphology
Physical characteristics of bacterial colonies.
56
Micromorphology
Study of microscopic structural features.
57
Growth characteristics
Bacterial growth patterns in various conditions.
58
Biochemistry
Study of bacterial metabolic processes and enzymes.
59
Inhibitory tests
Assessing bacterial growth in the presence of inhibitors.
60
Carbon compound utilization
Using specific compounds for energy and growth.
61
Serology
Testing for agglutination with specific antibodies.
62
Chemotaxonomy
Classification based on chemical composition.
63
Molecular genetics
Analysis of genetic material for classification.
64
Phage typing
Identifying bacteria using bacteriophage patterns.
65
Molecular subtyping
Detailed identification below species level.
66
DNA fingerprinting
Analyzing DNA for unique bacterial identification.
67
Molecular epidemiology
Studying the distribution of bacterial strains.
68
Transmission routes
Paths through which bacteria spread.
69
Quality control in food manufacture
Ensuring safety and standards in food production.
70
Tracking bacterial contamination
Identifying sources of foodborne illness.
71
Genetic evidence of transmission
Proof of bacteria moving between species.
72
DNA fingerprinting
Technique to identify infectious disease agents.
73
Etiological agent
Pathogen responsible for causing a disease.
74
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a resistant bacterium.
75
RFLP analysis
Method analyzing DNA fragment length variations.
76
PCR-based amplification
Technique amplifying specific DNA sequences.
77
DNA sequencing
Determining the exact sequence of nucleotides.
78
Plasmid profiling
Characterization of plasmids from bacterial isolates.
79
Agarose gel
Medium used for DNA separation during electrophoresis.
80
Salmonella serovars
Different serological variants of Salmonella bacteria.
81
Restriction endonuclease
Enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.
82
Molecular scissors
Colloquial term for restriction enzymes.
83
Electrophoresis
Technique for separating DNA fragments by size.
84
DNA hybridization
Process where single-stranded DNA/RNA bind complementary strands.
85
Homology
Similarity in nucleotide sequences between DNA strands.
86
Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
PCR method generating DNA fingerprints without prior knowledge.
87
PCR-RFLP analysis
Combines PCR amplification with restriction enzyme digestion.
88
Haemophilus influenzae
First bacterium sequenced, 1.8 Mbp in 1995.
89
Sanger sequencing
First-generation DNA sequencing method using cloned fragments.
90
Next generation sequencing (NGS)
High-throughput sequencing technology for rapid analysis.
91
Bioinformatics
Computational tools for analyzing biological data.
92
Genomic DNA purification
Isolating total DNA from cells for analysis.
93
Antibiotic resistance markers
Genetic traits conferring resistance to antibiotics.
94
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction for DNA amplification.
95
Primers
Short DNA fragments that anneal to specific genome locations.
96
RAPD
Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA method.
97
PCR-RFLP
PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion.
98
Haemophilus influenzae
First bacterial genome sequenced in 1995.
99
Sanger Sequencing
First generation DNA sequencing method.
100
Next Generation Sequencing
Massively parallel sequencing for high throughput.
101
Nanopore Sequencing
Real-time sequencing using small membrane pores.
102
Metagenomics
Study of genetic material from environmental samples.
103
Microbiomes
Diverse microbial communities in animal guts.
104
Disease Detection
Identifying pathogens in animals quickly.
105
Antimicrobial Resistance
Resistance of microbes to antimicrobial drugs.
106
DNA Extraction
Isolating DNA from bacterial cells.
107
Cloning
Inserting DNA fragments into a vector.
108
Fluorescent Chain Terminators
Modified nucleotides used in Sanger sequencing.
109
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
Technique for separating DNA fragments by size.
110
Electric Current Disruption
Current change during nanopore DNA sequencing.
111
DNA Fingerprint
Unique DNA pattern generated by RAPD.
112
Bioinformatics
Computational tools for analyzing DNA sequences.
113
Library Construction
Creating a collection of DNA fragments.
114
Real-Time Detection
Monitoring fluorescent signals during sequencing.
115
Genome Sequencing
Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA.
116
Polymorphism
Variability in DNA sequences among individuals.
