Module 5 Flashcards
Inflammation “inflammare” means
“to set in fire”
a process in which an excess blood is brought to the irritated area and its constituents are poured out into tissues in an attempt to dilute the irritant, localized its effect, and destroy it completely
Inflammation
Cardinal Sign: due to delivery of warm blood to the area, by hyperemia and increased vascular dilatation
Heat
Cardinal Sign: due to stimulation of nerve endings by cytokines and inflammatory mediators and increased pressure due to stretching and distortion of tissues
Pain
Cardinal Sign: due to hyperemia or dilatation of small blood vessels in tissues
Redness
Cardinal Sign: due to edema/ accumulation of fluid in extravascular space due to increased capillary permeability
Swelling
Cardinal Sign: movement is inhibited especially by pain and severe swelling
Loss of Function
Calor means?
Heat
Dolor means?
Pain
Rubor means?
Redness
Tumor means?
Swelling
Who discovered the first 4 cardinal signs?
Cornelius Celsus
What are the major changes during inflammatory process?
Vascular
Exudative
Proliferative
Major changes during Inflammatory Process associated with hyperemia and increased permeability
Vascular
Major changes during Inflammatory Process escape of fluid, cells or cellular debris from blood vessels and deposition on tissues
Exudative
Major changes during Inflammatory Process associated with fibroplasia and angiogenesis
Proliferative
is the term used to describe any elevation in core body temperature above the accepted normal range for that species.
Hyperthermia
Explain how fever helps the body
- Fever increases the activity of white blood cells and the production of interferons, which help fight infection.
- Fever increases the body’s metabolic rate, which helps produce heat and fight infection.
- Fever causes vasoconstriction, which reduces heat loss.
- Fever can cause shivering, which increases heat production.
These are protein and polysaccharide substances that are released either frombacteria or viruses or from destroyed cells of the body.
Pyrogen
Two group classification of Pyrogens
Endotoxins and Non-endotoxins
Pyrogen Endotoxins are substances found in
Gram-negative bacteria
This group of pyrogens are other microbial substances, including those derived from Gram-positive bacteria or viruses and pyrogens originating from yeasts and fungi.
Non-endotoxin Pyrogens
area group of chemically diverse substances that cause fever and shock in severe cases.
Pyrogens
Type of Inflammation:
caused by predominating cells include neutrophil (with some eosinophil & mobile macrophages)
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Common in bacterial and viral infections
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Non specific immune response
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Stereotyped response
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Can lead to occasional necrosis
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Fluid production is part of the response
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Vascular response
Acute Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Specific Immune response
Chronic Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Response is variable
Chronic Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Production of Fibrous tissue
Chronic Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
There is always necrosis
Chronic Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Marked by fibroplasia and angiogenesis
Chronic Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
predominating cells include mononuclears (lymphocyte & monocyte);
Chronic Inflammation
Type of Inflammation:
Common in mycobacterial, fungal, and metazoan parasite infections
Chronic Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
exudate is present, which is a fluid high in protein & cellular debris from circulation into tissues or tissues surfaces
Exudative Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
serous exudate is present, which is high in serum but low in inflammatory cells (therefore thin & watery)
Serous Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation :
pus exudate is present, made up of neutrophils, dead bacteria, rbc, and cellular debris
Purulent / Suppurative Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation :
fibrin/ coagulated protein exudate from fibrinogen (upon reaction with thrombin) is present, due to increased capillary permeability & leakage of plasma protein from damaged epithelium
Fibrinous Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
has copious discharge of mucus & epithelial debris from mucosa
Catarrhal mucopurulent Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
fibrinous exudate is present and is firmly attached in the underlying tissue Cutaneous in manifestation.
Diphtheritic Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
Has an appearance of chronic nonhealing ulcers in the exposed part of the body,
Diphtheritic Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
granulomas are present, wherein macrophages predominate, with more or less lymphocytes, plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells
Granulomatous Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
affecting the stroma or the interstitial spaces of the organ.
Interstitial Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
affecting the parenchyma of an organ ( essentially the tissue elements of an organ).
Parenchymatous Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
marked by formation of false membrane, composed of precipitated fibrin, necrotic epithelium & inflammatory leukocytes
Pseudomembranous Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
consist of mucus & variable no. of inflammatory cells
Mucoid Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
eosinophils predominate
Eosinophilic Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
mononuclear cells predominate, especially the lymphocyte & plasma cells.
Non suppurative Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
extravasated blood predominate due to severe vascular damage
Hemorrhagic Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
mixed neutrophils & macrophages are present
Pyogranulomatous Inflammation
Specific Types of Inflammation:
marked by necrosis, with small amount of leukocytes and vascular contributions
Necrotizing Inflammation
