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Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What amplifies Postmortem Autolysis

A

Bacterial Decomposition

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2
Q

What are the FACTORS accelerating Autolysis

A

High Temperature:
1. Fever
2. High Metabolic Rate
3. Heat Stroke
4. Exercise before death

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3
Q

What temperature in which autolysis is inhibited

A

5 degree Celsius

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4
Q

In Rigor Mortis the contraction of muscle occurs _______ hours after death

A

1-6 hours

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5
Q

In Rigor Mortis persists for how long?

A

1-2 days

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6
Q

The postmortem change which happens in cooling of the carcass or cadaver

A

Algor Mortis

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7
Q

The postmortem change which happens due to the gravitational pooling of blood to the downside of the animal

A

Livor Mortis

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8
Q

Livor Mortis is also known as?

A

Hypostatic Congestion

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9
Q

This is the red staining of tissues after death

A

Hemoglobin Inhibition

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10
Q

Give examples of Postmortem Changes

A
  1. Rigor Mortis
  2. Algor Mortis
  3. Livor Mortis
  4. Postmortem Clotting
  5. Hemoglobin Inhibition
  6. Bile Inhibition
  7. Pseudomelanosis
  8. Postmortem Bloat
  9. Postmortem Autolysis
  10. Lens Opacity
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11
Q

This is the uptake and intracellular degradation of damaged organelles.

A

Autophagocytosis

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12
Q

This is when phagocytic white cells ingest dead or dying cells (similar to autophagy).

This is the removal of particles brought into the cell

A

Heterophagy

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13
Q

is an increase in the size of cells or organs. The cells are bigger and occur in most organs and tissues but tend to occur in cells that undergo little replication

A

HYPERTROPHY

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14
Q

What are the two causes of HYPERTROPHY

A
  1. Physiologic HYPERTROPHY
  2. Compensatory HYPERTROPHY
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15
Q

is used in gross pathology to describe lesions that involve gross enlargement of an organ regardless of cause.

A

HYPERTROPHY

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16
Q

is an increase in the number of cells;
increased mitotic division is implied.

A

HYPERPLASIA

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17
Q

It increases the size of a tissue, an organ, or part of an
organ and may appear grossly as hypertrophy.

A

HYPERPLASIA

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18
Q

Form of Hyperplasia: Hormonal or compensatory

A

Physiologic Hyperplasia

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19
Q

Form of Hyperplasia:
Often caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or chronic irritation

A

Pathologic Hyperplasia

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20
Q

This is characterized when a cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type of the same
germ line.

A

Metaplasia

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21
Q

The type of change in which specialized epithelium is replaced by less specialized epithelium.

A

Metaplasia

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22
Q

This adaptive change is marked by the decrease in size or amount of a cell, tissue, or organ after normal growth has been reached

A

Atrophy

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23
Q

This adaptive change is due to the decreased number and/or size of cells.

A

ATROPHY

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24
Q

is the decrease in the size of a tissue caused by a reduction in the number of cells
(usually by apoptosis) and is usually used to refer to physiological processes.

A

Involution

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25
Q

The intrinsic decrease in size of a cell

A

Involution

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26
Q

The extrinsic decrease in size of cell

A

Atrophy

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27
Q

is the failure of the development of an
organ or part of an organ to its normal size.

A

HYPOPLASIA

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28
Q

is the reversion of cells into a more
primitive and undifferentiated type, similar to that of an embryo.

A

ANAPLASIA

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29
Q

refers to disturbed cell development
and maturation, resulting in abnormalities in size,
shape, and organization of cells.

A

DYSPLASIA

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30
Q

Is the formation of new cells or tissue
types.

A

Neoplasia

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31
Q

Intracellular accumulations can be?

A
  1. Normal cellular constituent
  2. Abnormal substance
  3. Pigments
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32
Q

Give examples of Exogenous substances

A

Minerals and/or infectious agents

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33
Q

Intracellular Accumulations :
Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites (neutral fats and cholesterol)
within parenchymal cells.

A

Lipidosis (Fatty Change)/ Fatty Degeneration

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34
Q

Intracellular Accumulations:
Lipidosis (Fatty Change) is commonly detected as an alteration in the?

A

Liver, heart muscles, skeletal muscle and kidney

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35
Q

Intracellular Accumulations:
Accumulation of fats/adipocytes in the extracellular part of the tissue

A

Fatty Infiltration

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36
Q

Intracellular Accumulations :
What term identifies the abnormal intracellular accumulation of glycogen, often seen in hepatocytes under altered metabolic conditions?

A

Glycogen accumulation

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37
Q

Intracellular Accumulations : What is the term for the intracellular accumulation of protein that appears “glassy” and eosinophilic?

A

Protein Accumulation (Hyaline Change)

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38
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
are extracellular proteinaceous substances that appear histologically and ultrastructurally similar.

39
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
What term describes the proteinaceous casts formed in renal tubules as a result of proteinuria?

A

Hyaline Casts

40
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Derived from “starchlike,” as it will turn blue when treated
with iodine and sulfuric acid.

41
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
It compresses adjacent parenchymal cells, causing atrophy or death from
compression and/or ischemia.

42
Q

Extracellular Accumulations: This is related to thrombosis and hemorrhage.

A

Fibrinoid Change

43
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
These substances are
subendothelial hyaline deposits, primarily seen in arterioles of the brain stem in pigs

A

Plasma proteins

44
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
found in disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC); often visible in glomerular capillaries and pulmonary alveolar capillaries

A

Hyaline microthrombi

45
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Deposition of sodium urate crystals or urates in tissues

46
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals.

A

Pseudogout

47
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Indicate sites of old hemorrhage or tissue necrosis.

A

Cholesterol Crystals

48
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Membrane-bound structures with cellular debris.

A

Autophagic Vacuoles

49
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Form in host cells during viral infection.

A

Viral Inclusion Bodies

50
Q

Extracellular Accumulations:
Acid-fast, irregularly shaped intranuclear inclusions found in renal tubular epithelial cells
during lead poisoning.

A

Lead Inclusion Bodies

51
Q

is the process of deposition in dead, dying, or normal tissue of calciumsalts
usually in the form of phosphates or carbonates.

A

Calcification (Pathologic Calcification)

52
Q

Type of Calcification that occurs in dying tissue/ tissue destruction despite normal calcium levels.

A

Dystrophic Calcification

53
Q

Type of Calcification that occurs in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia (High levels of Ca).

A

Metastatic Calcification

54
Q

This is the extensive metastatic calcification

A

Calcinosis

55
Q

What is the term for the localized calcium deposition in tissues seen in patients sensitized by vitamin D, iron, or parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Calciphylaxis

56
Q

What is the term for the deposition of exogenous carbon pigment in the lungs, often resulting from inhalation (commonly called “black lung”)?

A

Anthracosis

57
Q

What is the name given to pigments that are deliberately introduced into the dermis for cosmetic or identification purposes?

58
Q

What term describes the accumulation of inhaled dust particles in the lung

A

Pneumoconiosis

59
Q

What is the name for fat-soluble pigments derived from plants that can serve as precursors to vitamin A?

A

Carotenoid Pigments

60
Q

Also called lipochrome pigments.

A

Carotenoid Pigments

61
Q

Tetracycline-based antibiotics administered during tooth development are deposited in
dentin, enamel, and cementum, staining teeth yellow or brown.

A

Tetracycline

62
Q

What is the term for the deposition of calcium-containing dust in the lungs?

A

Chalicosis

63
Q

What is the term for the deposition of silicon-containing dust in the lungs?

64
Q

What is the term for the deposition of asbestos fibers in the lungs?

A

Asbestosis

65
Q

What is the “wear‐and‐tear” pigment that accumulates in aging cells, often seen as a granular, yellow-brown pigment?

A

Lipofuschin

66
Q

A similar pigment of lipofuscin that accumulates in nervous tissues and viscera, associated with blindness, mental dullness, and abnormal behavior in cattle, dogs, and cats.

67
Q

Excessive melanin deposition leads to

68
Q

What is the name of the orange bile pigment produced by the breakdown of heme?

69
Q

What is the term for the insoluble form of intracellular iron storage that accumulates when there is excess iron?

A

Hemosiderin

70
Q

What term describes the cyclic tetrapyrrole compounds that are the basis for respiratory pigments in blood cells?

A

Porphyrins

71
Q

What is the pigment formed when blood comes into contact with acidic formalin, also known as acid formalin hematin?

A

Formalin Pigment

72
Q

What is the name of the pigment produced from parasitic activity (e.g., by liver flukes) that results in characteristic inclusions?

A

Parasite Hematin

73
Q

What is the pigment formed when blood comes into contact with acidic formalin,

A

Formalin Pigment/acid formalin hematin

74
Q

What is the mechanism called in which macrophages remove necrotic tissue by phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

75
Q

What term describes the formation of clots in blood vessels that occurs after death

A

Postmortem clotting

76
Q

What is the term for the postmortem change in which bile secretion is inhibited, affecting the appearance of tissues?

A

Bile inhibition

77
Q

What postmortem phenomenon is characterized by the deposition of pigment that resembles melanin but is not true melanin

A

Pseudomelanosis

78
Q

What is the term for the postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues that causes bloat, often referred to as emphysema?

A

Postmortem Bloat

79
Q

Small eosinophilic structure in cytoplasm as a compensatory functional change due to increased secretion or estrophy

A

Hyaline droplets

80
Q

Cholesterol clefts collects as crystals in tissue after damage and are arranged in what manner/shape?

A

Picket-fence like group

81
Q

These are deposits of lipid storage diseases in neurons

A

Gangliosides

82
Q

This is the accumulation of cholesterol clefts and lipids in avian macrophages

A

Xanthomoniasis

83
Q

These are circular laminated concretions in glandular tissues or secretions

A

Corpora amylacea

84
Q

These are amorphous bright eosinophilic material on wall of blood vessels

85
Q

This happens due to excess amount of cholebilirubin or hemobilirubin in blood.

A

Icterus / Jaundice

86
Q

Give the hemoglobin derivatives

A
  1. Bilirubin
  2. Hemosiderin
  3. Prophyrin
87
Q

This is a disturbance in fat metabolism, in which there is fat accumulation in adipose tissue - storage sites

88
Q

This is a disturbance in fat metabolism, in which there is fat accumulation in adipose tissue - cell cytoplasm

A

Protoplasmic fat

89
Q

What disturbance in calcium metabolism is due to PDS in puppies

A

Calcinosis circumscripta

90
Q

This is a disturbance in cell metabolism in which cells are swollen, nuclei are indistinct and there is imbibition of water

A

Cell swelling

91
Q

This is a disturbance in cell metabolism in which there is imbibition of water that may become so great the the cell burst

A

Hydrophic degeneration/ serous infiltration

92
Q

This is the removal of degenerate products formed inside the cells

93
Q

This is the budding off as external blebs

A

Exocytosis

94
Q

This is the budding in as internal blebs

A

Endocytosis

PATHO101A (5 decks)

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