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11/12HSC - Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

External Fertilisation - Method

A

Male sperm fertilises female egg outside of female body, this is called copulation
High level of sperm and eggs released as there will be failure

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2
Q

External Fertilisation Pros and Cons

A

Pros:
- Takes little energy to produce gametes
- Gametes can travel large distances
- Young colonise large areas quickly
Increased genetic diversity

Cons:
Not all gametes meet (high waste)
Zygotes eaten or die

Solutions:
- Large gamete output to overcome high mortality
- Quick maturity of off spring to increase maturity

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3
Q

Internal Reproduction- Methods

A

Specialised sex organs are required for fertilisation to occur within the female body
- Organs place sperm close to the site of the ovum inside the female

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4
Q

Internal Reproduction

A

Pros:
- Higher survival rate of offspring
- Less waste of zygotes

Cons:
- Energy expended in depositing sperm inside female
- Young often mature slower (especially in warm-blooded animals)

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5
Q

Rhizomes?

A
  • Underground stems that grow horizontally on the soil surface
  • They function as the organs of asexual reproduction and food storage
  • Consist of nodes that develop roots and shoots the grow perpendicular to the ground
    Each piece of rhizome with a node can grow into a new plant
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6
Q

Runner?

A
  • Or stolon
  • Stem that runs along the ground
  • At the nodes, it forms adventitious roots and buds that grow into new plants
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7
Q

Cuttings?

A
  • Portion of a leaf, stem, or root, off the parent plant then replanting
  • After replanting a new plant begins to gorw
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8
Q

Sepals

A

Protect unopened flower bud

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9
Q

Petals

A

Bright to attract insects

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10
Q

Stamen

A

Male part consisting of the anther held up on the filament

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11
Q

Anthers

A

Produces male gametes (pollen grains)

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12
Q

Stigma

A

Female: Top of the female part of the flower which collects pollen grains, often sticky

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13
Q

Ovary (plant)

A

Bottom of the female plant of the flower, produces the female gametes (ovules)

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14
Q

Filament

A

Male: Holds the anther

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15
Q

Pistil

A

Female

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16
Q

Style

A

Female: Tube that connects the stigma to the ovary

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17
Q

Ovary

A

Female: Contains the ovule and is the site of fertilisation

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18
Q

Ovule

A

Female: The female sex cell of a plant

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19
Q

Receptacle

A

Thick part of the stem that supports the flower

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20
Q

Three Steps of Sexual Reproduction in Flowers

A
  1. Pollination
  2. Seed development
  3. Seed dispersal
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21
Q
  1. Pollination
A

The bee acts as a pollinator when it feeds on nectar. It is collecting pollen from the another

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22
Q
  1. Seed Development or Pollen Tube Germination
A

Pollen is transferred to the stigma. Pollen contains two sperm cells. A pollen tube goes down the style to the ovary

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23
Q
  1. Fertilisation
A

The generative cell which s found in the pollen divides into two sperm as it travels down the pollen tube towards the ovary.
One of the sperm cells as it travels down the pollen tube towards the ovary.
One of the sperm cells fertilise the ovule and will form the zygote which eventually forms a seed.
The other sperm cell fertilises the polar nuclei body which will form the endosperms.
The endosperm forms into fruit.

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24
Q

Spores?

A

A fungal spore is a haploid cell produced by mitosis from a haploid parent cell. They can develop into new haploid individuals without being fertilised.
Asexual reproduction

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25
Budding?
Form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region that leads to a separation from the original organism into two individuals
26
Binary Fission
Process of one cell dividing into tow Most common in archaea and bacteria (both prokaryotic) Asexual reproduction No nucleus It just splits
27
Urethra
Passageway for semen and urine
28
Seminal Vesicle
Contributes nutrient rich and protective fluid to semen
29
Erectile Tissue
Highly vascular - not muscular
30
Vas Deferens
Connects testes penis Delivers sperm to urethra
31
Epididymis
Site of sperm maturation
32
Testicles
Development of sperm (site of spermatogenesis)
33
Cowper's Gland
Secretes a fluid the urethra prior to ejaculation
34
Glans Penis
Sensitive to stimulation
35
Scrotum
Helps adjust temperature of testis
36
Prostate Gland
Contributes nutrient and alkaline fluid to semen
37
Fallopian Tube
Passageway for eggs, sperm meets eggs there
38
Ovary
Eggs inside are not mature Releases eggs
39
Ovum
Eggs or follicles
40
Endometrium
Lines inner walls of the cervix
41
Vagina
Area after cervix
42
Uterus
Muscular Reasons:? 1. Development of endometrium (contractions) 2. Stretch of the muscles Fetus develops there
43
Cervix
Opening to the uterus
44
Fertilisation
Sperm deposited into the vagina during copulation Parts of penis (seminal vesicle, cowpers, prostate gland provides) provide fluid for the sperm to swim in that is alkaline to combat the acidity of the vagina Enzymes in the head of the sperm break down the zona pellucida. Only the sperm head enters the egg and fertilisation occurs
45
Implantation
Zygote moves from the fallopian tubes into the uterus Once fertilised, the egg is now called a zygote Cells divide within the zona pellucida (cleavage)
46
Fertilised cell at 16-32 weeks?
The zygotes is now called a morula (occurs around four days after fertilisation)
47
Fertilised cell at 32-63
Morula becomes a hollow ball with a small cell mass in the middle which is called a blastocyst
48
Hatching?
Blastocyst sheds its clear outer membrane Occurs one to 3 days after a blastocyst enters the uterus Cells on the outer layer of the blastocyst attach to the outer layer of the endometrium
49
Three Stages of Pregnancy
1. Germinal (conception to implantation) 2. Embryonic - 3rd week of pregnancy until the end of the eighth week - Now called embryo cells form foetal heart - Buds that will become arms and legs also form around the sixth week 3. Foetal: - 9th week to until birth - Assgined sex (undetectable on ultrasound)
50
Progesterone
Produces early in pregnancy to support the baby until placenta takes over Causes increase in blood flow to the womb Prevent milk production until the baby is born
51
Oestrogen
- Produces early, supports baby - Oestrogen helps the development of the baby's organs and the correct function of the placenta - Enables uterus to respond to oxytocin in labour
52
Oxytocin
- Eases pain during labour and encourages the cervix to open as well as helping with lochia
53
Relaxin
- Makes ligaments softer - Helps in labour as it softens and lengths the cervix and the pelvic area
54
Human placental Lactogen (hPL)
- Hormone hPL helps baby to get the nutrients it needs during pregnancy
55
Prostaglandin
- Helps to get the cervix ready for labour
56
Stage One of Birth: Early and Active Labour
- Ongoing contractions - Causes cervix to open - Allows baby to move into birth canal
57
Early Labour (Latent Labour)
- It opens less than six centimeters in early labour - Mucus plug comes out
58
Active Labour
- Cervix opens from 6 to 10 - Contractions become stronger and closer together - Water breaks and strong contractions begin
59
Stage Two: Birth
- Head is delivered the shoulders are then delivered, the rest the baby's body follows - Waiting to clamp and cut the umbilical cord after delivery increases the flow of nutrient-rich blood from the cord and the placenta to the baby - raises baby's iron stores and lowers risk of anemia
60

11/12HSC - Biology (5 decks)

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