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11/12HSC - Biology > HSC Prelim > Flashcards

HSC Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

Ribosome

A

Assists in making proteins, found in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP

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3
Q

Active Transport

A

Combine with a carrier and with the help of ATP diffuse against the concentration gradient and throu the tubular membrane

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3
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
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4
Q

ER

A

Forms a maze of passageways
Proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another
- rough ER has ribosomes

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5
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Digest and remove waster from the cell
  • contain digestive enzymes
  • surrounded by a layer lipids
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6
Q

Golgi Body

A
  • Found in most eukaryotic cells
  • Determines which proteins are allowed outside of the cell
  • Packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles to be sent out of the cell
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7
Q

Physical Digestion

A

Mechanical breakdown of large food particles into smaller ones

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7
Q

Photosynthesis

A
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7
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
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8
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Ratio of a cell’s outside area to it’s internal volume

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8
Q

Closed transport system

A

A type of circulatory system in which the transport fluid is always enclosed within blood vessels

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that are proteins
Speed up reactions

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10
Q

Specialised Cells

A

Cells adapted to carry out a particular function

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialised for the movement of gases between air and blood

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11
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

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11
Q

Leaf structure

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Mesophyll
  3. Vein (Vascular bundle/vascular tissue)
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11
Q

Transpiration - Cohesion/Tension

A

The molecules in which water molecules can travel against gravity and up the stem of a plant due to the properties of water

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12
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

When two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

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13
Q

Open Transport System

A

Blood is pumped by a tubular heart through a blood vessel and then out into the body cavity

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14
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.z
The heart pumps blood

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15
Q

Plant Vascular System

A

Water flows upwards through specialised tissues, while sugars are transported downward from the leaves where they are synthesised

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15
Q

Predation

A

One organisms kills another for food

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16
Q

Competition

A

The struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

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17
Symbiotic Relationship
Close interaction between species in which one species lives in or on the other
17
Ecological Niche
A specific role of a species within an ecosystem, including its use of resources, and relationships with other species
18
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time
19
Convergent Evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
20
Natural Selection
A process in which individual that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
20
Biodiversity
The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
21
Environment
The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates
22
Competitive Exclusion Principle
When two animals have the same niche causing competition. Therefore, no two species can have identical niches
23
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
24
Distribution
Region where the organism is found
25
Pathogen
Bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease
26
Host
An organism on which a parasite lives
27
Macroevolutionary change
Cumulative change during thousands of small speciation episodes
27
Microevolutionary change
Small changes occurring within a species, such as changes in allele frequencies
28
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
29
Speciation
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
30
Gradualism
populations slowly diverge by accumulating changes in characteristics due to different selection pressures.
30
Cell Differentiations
The process by which cells become different types of cells
31
Punctuated Equilibrium
The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change
31
Upper Epidermis
Transparent so light can pass through it to reach the palisade layer
32
Stem Cells
Unspecialised cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
32
Stomata
Small holes in the leafs surface that lets out excess water vapour from the plant
32
Palisade Layer
Contains chloroplasts - where photosynthesis occurs
33
Waxy cuticle
Prevents water loss
34
Xylem
Vasuclar tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
34
Spongy Mesophyll
Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leas; has many air spaces between its cells
35
Gas Exchange in mammals
The small sacks on the lungs which converts the high carbon dioxide in the blood to low carbon dioxide, going into the rest of the body
36
Cuticle
Minimises water loss
36
Phloem
Type of vascular tissue that carries nutrients and food from place to place inside the cell
37
Spongy cells
Allows easy movements of gases through the leaf
38
Vein
Type of blood vessel that returns the blood to the heart; has thin walls, and values to prevent the backward flow of blood
38
Artery
- A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart - It has thick elastic walls to assist in the movement of blood pumped by the heart
39
Variation
Any difference between individuals of the same species
40
Capillary
A tiny blood vessel that has a wall only one cell thick and makes a network through the tissues to bring blood into close contact for the exchange of gases
41
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
The theory poses individuals within a species exhibit variation, and those variants that are advantageous for survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on to the next generation
42
DNA Hybridisation
A technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between the DNA sequences of different individuals
43
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome
44
Reproductive Isolation
Separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into separate species
45
Co-Evolution
The process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other
45
Selection pressure
An environmental variable that acts to remove poorly adapted individuals
45
Root System
All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food
46
Shoot System
The aerial portion of a plant body consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers
46
Cell Hierarchy
Cells - Tissue - Organs - Organ systems - organisms
47
FOV
Field number/eyepiecexobjective
47
Size of an object
Field of view/number of times object fits
48
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the solution
49
Hypotonic
Lower concentration of solute than another solution
50
Hypertonic
High concentration of solute than another solution
51
Channel Proteins
(Passive transport)proteins that provide passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic (water-soluble) substances such as polar and charged molecules
52
Carrier Proteins
(Active transport) bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
52
Isotonic Solution
52
Gills
Extensions of the body containing thin-walled blood vessels that allow for easy absorption of oxygen from the outside surface
52
Anaerobic Respiration
53
Tracheal System
In insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carried oxygen directly to cells
54
Mouth (Digestion)
-mechanical digestion: chewing, tongue forms bolus -chemical digestion:amylase is released from salivary glands
55
Oesophagus (Digestion)
Oesophagus function in digestion Food moves from mouth to stomach by peristalsis
55
Stomach (Digestion)
Bolus broken down into chyme through chemical action (gastric juices secreted by stomach that include hydrochloric acid) and physical action (muscular action that causes secretions to be mixed with food)
56
Small Intestine (Digestion)
-emulsifies fats -villi absorb -glucose and amino acids absorbed into capillaries

11/12HSC - Biology (5 decks)

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