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Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pandemic

A
  • disease that is growing exponentially, that is each day the number of cases grow more than the day before
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2
Q

Epidemic

A
  • unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area
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3
Q

Outbreak

A
  • can be used interchangeably with epidemic
  • usually used for incidents in much smaller geographical areas than epidemics
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4
Q

Endemic

A
  • A disease that is consistently present but limited to a particular area, with predictable disease spread and rates
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5
Q

Pathogen

A

any organism or biological agent that can cause disease

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6
Q

How does a pandemic start

A
  • arise from emerging infectious diseases
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7
Q

Infectious disease

A
  • one that is caused by some sort of biological agent (germs)
  • contagious: can be transmitted from person to person
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8
Q

Zoonotic disease

A
  • one that is transmitted from animal to human
  • most EIDs are zoonotic in origin
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9
Q

Dead-End Host

A

human can’t further transmit the disease to other humans

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10
Q

Emerging Infective Disease

A
  • EIDs are contagious diseases that are rapidly increasing in number of cases, or the geographical range is changing
  • sometimes an EID comes from a previously unknown pathogen (a novel pathogen) like COVID-19
  • sometimes an EID is a previously observed pathogen but is reappearing or appearing in a new area
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11
Q

Direct Contact Transmission

A
  • coming into direct contact with saliva, blood, urine, feces, mucous, or other bodily fluids, of an infected animal
  • can happen through scratches or bites
  • how rabies infects humans
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12
Q

Indirect Contact Transmission

A
  • coming into contact with areas or surfaces where infected animals/people have been
  • ex, chicken coups, toilets, barns, soil, counters, etc.
  • ex. lassa fever is a viral illness that humans can acquire by inhaling dust contaminated with rat droppings
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13
Q

More pandemics expected due to human activities

A
  • food production
  • wildlife trade
  • climate change
  • travel and transportation
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14
Q

Different types of pathogens/pathogenic organisms

A
  • fungi
  • parasites (protists and worms)
  • bacteria
  • virus
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15
Q

Fungi

A
  • single or multi cellular organisms that get their food from breaking down biological materials in their environment (they are decomposers(
  • approx 40 different species of fungi can cause ringworm
  • candida is a type of yeast, a single-celled fungi, that can cause a variety of diseases in human including thrush
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16
Q

Parasites (protists and worms)

A
  • protists are single-celled organisms
  • some of them cause disease and are considered parasites
  • some can get inside your cells, like Plasmodium that causes malaria
  • giardia can live in cold water for months and is a common cause water-borne illness
  • worms are animals, there are many kinds of worms that can cause diseases (ex. heartworm disease in dogs is transmitted by mosquitoes)
17
Q

Bacteria

A
  • simple, single-celled organisms
  • the first living things to inhabit the earth
  • most diverse and abundant group of organisms on earth
  • there are more bacteria on the palm of your hand that there are humans on earth
  • most bacteria does not cause disease, most bacteria is helpful
  • we evolved alongside bacteria and could not survive without it
18
Q

Virus

A
  • has no cells
  • only made of protein and nucleic acid
  • needs to infect a cell to make protein and reproduce
  • typically much smaller than bacteria
  • some viruses can infect bacteria
  • use the genetic code of all living things
19
Q

Structure of a virus

A
  • nucleic acid
  • recognition spike
  • capsid
20
Q

Structure of a virus: nucleic acid

A

all viruses have genes made of nucleic acid. while living cells use double stranded DNA, viruses may use DNA or RNA, and it may be single or double stranded

21
Q

Structure of a virus: recognition spike

A

each virus has one or more proteins that protrude into the environment and is capable of binding to proteins on the outside of its host cells. this protein-protein recognition is very specific, causing each type of virus to infect a specific type of cell

22
Q

Structure of a virus: capsid

A

outer coat of a virus made of one or a few different protein molecules repeated in a regular pattern, viral genes code for capsid proteins. once produced inside a cell, the protein parts spontaneously self-assemble into a new capsid

23
Q

How do viruses get into cells

A
  • spike proteins help viruses get into cells
  • shape of the spike protein determine what molecules it can bind to on the surface of a host cell
  • viruses specific for certain cell type and species
24
Q

Process by which virus replicated in a cell

A
  1. virus becomes attached to a cell
  2. cell engulfs the virus
  3. viral genetic materials are released in the cell, and begin replication using cellular mechanisms
  4. cell replicated viral proteins, which begin forming new viral particles
  5. new viral particles are released from the cell while the cell continues to replicate the virus within
25
Q

Viruses mutate

A
  • as viruses replicate in the host cells, genetic materials can mutate
  • viruses can exchange genes with other viruses they encounter in the same host
  • some viruses, like influenza, mutate a lot
  • other viruses, like rabies, don’t mutate often
26
Q

Variant

A

any virus with a mutation

27
Q

Strain

A

a variant that has distinct properties/behaviors compared to the original virus

28
Q

Potential consequences of viral mutations

A
  1. no consequences
  2. virus gains or loses ability to infect a specific host species or cell type
  3. virus becomes more or less virulent
  4. virus becomes more or less contagious
  5. virus becomes more or less resistant to medications or vaccines
29
Q

More pandemics expected due to human
activities: Globalization

A
30
Q

More pandemics expected due to human
activities: Climate change

A
  • as planet warms disease vectors like ticks and mosquitoes are able to survive and transmit disease in new geographical location and different seasons
  • ex. lyme disease is spread by deer ticks, deer tick habitat is moving further north as temp increases
31
Q

More pandemics expected due to human
activities: Land use change

A
  • urbanization and agriculture led to destruction of forests and other habitats for wildlife
  • likelihood of human-wildlife interaction increases
  • increased interactions with wildlife increases chances of zoonotic disease emergences

Biology (6 decks)

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