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Biology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An organism’s physical traits

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

How does DNA determine our physical traits?

A

DNA holds instructions for how to build proteins

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3
Q

Different variants of the same gene

A

Allele

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4
Q

MC1R Gene

A
  • codes for a protein that directs pigment in hair and skin
  • 80 variants of MC1R gene within the human population
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5
Q

Protein Synthesis Basic Steps

A
  • Transcription –> translation
  • DNA –> mRNA –> Protein
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6
Q

Transcription

A

RNA copy of a gene is made

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7
Q

Translation

A

RNA is used as a template to build the protein

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8
Q

DNA and RNA made up of a sequence of

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

Proteins made up of a sequence of

A

amino acids

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10
Q

How does DNA sequence influence phenotype within an organism

A
  • genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
  • proteins perform most of the functions in cells, so they determine our traits
  • differences in proteins can give organisms different traits
  • DNA dictates the production of proteins
  • specific arrangement of nucleotides in gene determines amino acid sequence of protein it encodes, this protein sequence directly impacts organism’s characteristics and functions, shaping its phenotype
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11
Q

Genetically Modified Organism

A

changes in its DNA were introduced intentionally to generate a new trait

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12
Q

Method by which GMOs are created

A

genetic engineering

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13
Q

Transgenic organism

A
  • have a gene from another species
  • most have just one added gene from another organism
  • ex. glofish
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14
Q
  • Genetic engineering - purpose
A
  • produce medicines - insulin (in large quantities), vaccines
  • food - more nutritious, healthier, less expensive
  • treat disease - cancer, genetic diseases
  • research - to figure out the function of genes
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15
Q

Bt Corn

A
  • most abundant GMO on the market
  • in 2020 80% of corn is Bt
  • contains a pesticide toxin from the bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis
  • produces protein that protect against insect pests
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16
Q

AquAdvantage Salmon

A
  • first GM animals on the market
  • growth gene from pacific salmon added to Atlantic salmon
  • allow transgenic salmon to grow year round and reach market size much earlier
17
Q

GloFish

A

has a gene from jellyfish called “green fluorescent protein” or GFP that produces a fluorescent color

18
Q

Benefit of genetically modified crops and food

A

more nutritious, healthier, less expensive

19
Q

Potential risks of GMO food

A
  • health risks
  • environmental risks: Bt corn harmful to good insects? AquAdvantage fish escape and become an invasive species?
20
Q

GMOS pros

A
  • no scientific evidence has been found that GMOs pose any risks to humans or the environment
  • voluntary and mandatory safety measures are in place, with a ban on certain dangerous lines of research
  • GMOs can be more nutritious than standard crops and can be grown in a wider variety of habitats
  • strains of microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments are genetically crippled so they cannot survive in the wild
21
Q

GMOs Cons

A
  • may be hazardous to human health/environment in ways that we cannot yet understand
  • might escape into the environment and cause unforseen problems by passing genes to wild organisms
  • widespread use of GMOs may promote loss of biodiversity
  • no standard for labeling GMOs in the U.S, consumers don’t know what they are getting
22
Q

Selective Breeding vs. GMOs

A
  • a lot of GMOs are transgenic- genes from different species
  • selective breeding- breeding for different traits and different gene variations, but all the DNA is still of that species
  • GMOs can be produced faster, in the lab while selective breeding takes generations
  • number of genes- selective breeding- enrich for good and bad genes (dog breeds that are prone to certain diseases
  • cost of development (GMOs more upfront costs/technologies)
    *transgenic technology: achieve wider variety of desired traits in organisms faster

Biology (6 decks)

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