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PCP 130 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

How long can brain survive without oxygen

A

6 minutes

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2
Q

Upper airway includes

A

Nasopharynx (nasal cavity, turbinates, nasal septum, sinuses), oropharynx(tongue, palate)

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3
Q

Anatomy of lower airway

A

Trachea, alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles

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4
Q

How many lobes in right lung

A

3

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5
Q

How many lobes in left lung

A

2

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6
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Lines with ciliated mucous membrane

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7
Q

Turbinates

A

3 bony shelves
Protrude from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and extend into the nasal passageway

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8
Q

Nasal septum

A

Divides the nasopharynx into 2 passages
Composed of bone and cartilage

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9
Q

Sinuses

A

Cavities formed by cranial bones
Prevent contaminants from entering the respiratory tract

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10
Q

Tongue

A

Large muscle attached to the mandible and hyoid bone

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11
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Small, horseshoe shaped bone to which the jaw, epiglottis and thyroid cartilage also attach

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12
Q

Palate

A

Forms the roof of the mouth
Separates the oropharynx and nasopharynx

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13
Q

Hard palate

A

Anterior portion formed by the maxilla and palatine bones

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14
Q

Soft palate

A

Posterior to the hard palate

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15
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe
Conduit for air entry into the lungs
Consists of a series of c-shaped cartilaginous rings

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16
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Thin, slippery outer lining of lungs

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17
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the inside of the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

Bronchioles

A

Made of smooth muscle; dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

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19
Q

Alveoli

A

Balloon like clusters of single layer air sacs
Functional site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Surfactant

A

Proteinaceous substance lining the alveoli; decreases surface tension and keeps them expanded

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21
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the alveoli

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22
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle
Measure of the depth of breathing
In average adult man - 5-7 mL/kg
In infants and children - 6-8 mL/kg

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23
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume (3000 mL)

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24
Q

Dead space

A

Any portion of the airway where air lingers, but does not contain air and therefore cannot participate in gas exchange

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25
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Includes trachea and larger bronchi, where residual gas may remain at the end of inhalation Approximately 150 mL in adult male

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26
Q

Physiologic dead space

A

Areas created by intrapulmonary obstructions or atelectasis

27
Q

Alveolar volume

A

Remaining volume of inhaled air
Equal to tidal volume minus dead space volume
Approximately 350 mL in adult male

28
Q

Minute volume

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory tract per minute
Tidal volume X resp rate

29
Q

Minute alveolar volume

A

The amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli per minute and participates in gas exchange
(Tidal volume minus dead space volume ) X resp rate

30
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air that can be forced from the lungs in a single exhalation

31
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that is exhaled following normal exhalation
Approximately 1200 mL

32
Q

Residual volume

A

Air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation; also approximately 1200 mL in average adult male

33
Q

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)

A

The percentage of oxygen in inhaled air

34
Q

2 types of motor nerves affecting breathing

A

Phrenic nerve
Intercostal nerve

35
Q

Chemical controls of ventilation

A

Chemoreceptors
Carbon dioxide content monitors
Central chemoreceptors
Increase in acidity of the CSF causes increased rate and depth of breathing
Primary respiratory drive
Hypoxia drive

36
Q

Other controls of ventilations

A

Body temp
Medications
Hypoxia
Acidosis
Metabolic rate

37
Q

Inhalation active or passive process

A

Active

38
Q

Exhalation active or passive process

A

Passive process

39
Q

Diffusion

A

Process in which a gas moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

40
Q

Conditions that reduce the surface air for gas exchange

A

Flail chest
Diaphragmatic injury
Simple or tension pneumothorax
Open pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Hemopneumothorax

41
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Occurs when carbon dioxide production exceeds the body’s ability to eliminate it by ventilation

42
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Occurs when carbon dioxide elimination exceeds production

43
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Excess levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

44
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

45
Q

Normal resp rate in adults

A

12-20 breaths per minute

46
Q

Normal resp rate in children ages 1-18 years

A

12-37 breaths per minute

47
Q

Normal resp rate in infants ages 1 month to 1 year

A

30 - 53 breaths per minute

48
Q

Dyspnea

A

Pain with breathing

49
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low levels of oxygen in the blood

50
Q

Anoxia

A

Complete loss of oxygen to the body or brain

51
Q

Apneustic respirations

A

Prolonged, gasping inhalation followed by extremely short, ineffective exhalation
Associated with brain stem insult

52
Q

Agonal respirations

A

Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasps
Results from cerebral anoxia

53
Q

Biot respirations

A

Irregular pattern, rate and depth with intermittent periods of apnea
Results from increased intracranial pressure

54
Q

Cheyne stokes respirations

A

Crescendo decrescendo breathing with a period of apnea between each cycle

55
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

Deep, rapid respirations
Seen in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

56
Q

Circumstances that effect spo2 reading

A

Bright ambient light
Patient motion
Poor perfusion
Nail polish
Venous pulsations
Abnormal hemoglobin

57
Q

End tidal carbon dioxide

A

Detects the presence of carbon dioxide in exhaled breath

58
Q

OPA indications and contraindications

A

Indications - unresponsive patient, absent gag reflex
Contraindications - responsive patient, intact gag reflex

59
Q

D cylinder size

A

350 L of oxygen

60
Q

M cylinder size

A

3450 L of oxygen

61
Q

Cylinder constants - D,E,M,G,H,K

A

D - 0.16
E - 0.28
M - 1.56
G - 2.41
H - 3.14
K - 3.14

62
Q

Nonrebreathing mask flow rate and oxygen percentage

A

12-15 L/min
Approximately 90% inspired oxygen

63
Q

Nasal cannula flow rate and oxygen percentage

A

1-6 L/min
24-44% oxygen

64
Q

Simple face mask flow rate and oxygen percentage

A

6-10 L/min
40-60% oxygen

PCP 130 (9 decks)

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