module 5

Question 1

habituation

Answer 1

shows how a relatively unimportant stimulus comes to be ignored

Question 2

sensitisation

Answer 2

shows how an organism becomes more vigilant about stimulus

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

is when a previously neutral stimulus elicits the same response as another stimulus, after repeatedly being paired together

Question 4

operant conditioning

Answer 4

In operant conditioning, learning depends on (1) the behaviours of the organism and (2) the consequences of those behaviours to the organism

Question 5

reinforcement

Answer 5

outcome that increases the strength/frequency/probability of a behaviour

Question 6

punishment

Answer 6

outcome that decreases the strength/frequency/probability of a behaviour

Question 7

positive reinforcement

Answer 7

adding something good

Question 8

negative reinforcement

Answer 8

removing aversive stimulus

Question 9

positive punishment

Answer 9

adding something bad

Question 10

negative punishment

Answer 10

removing something desirable

Question 11

what does operant conditioning explian

Answer 11

how an organism learns associations between its behaviour and the consequences of its behaviour

Question 12

continuous reinforcement

Answer 12

every instance of the behaviour is reinforced

Question 13

varieties of partial reinforcement

Answer 13

interval and ratio schedulesi

Question 14

interval

Answer 14

time based reinforcement

Question 15

ratio

Answer 15

responses based reinforcement

Question 16

fixed scehdules

Answer 16

reinforcement is provided regularly

Question 17

variable schedules

Answer 17

reinforcement is ireegular

Question 18

memory

Answer 18

the retention of information over time

Question 19

multi-store model of memory

Answer 19

there is a sensory memory store for each of the sense modalities

Question 20

characteristics of sensory memory stores

Answer 20

responsible for storing “raw” modality specific sensory information. sensor information must be attended to and transferred to short term memory to avoid being lost or forgotten.

Question 21

iconic memory

Answer 21

the visual store. Storage capacity of 12 objects. only persists for less than one second.

Question 22

echoic

Answer 22

the hearing store. Only around five distinct auditory can be stored. lasts around 5-10 seconds.

Question 23

short term memory

Answer 23

approximately 7 items (plus or minus 2)

Question 24

rehearsal

Answer 24

repeating as a way of maintaining in short-term memory. lasts 20-30 seconds. also improves the likelihood of transfer from short-term to long-term.

Question 25

long-term memory

Answer 25

if it lasts more than 30 seconds

Question 26

in order to demonstrate memory for any event, even for a few seconds, one must engage in which three processes?

Answer 26

selective attention, awareness, recognition

Question 27

time based decay

Answer 27

according to time-based decay (or temporal decay) accounts, information in memory is progressively degraded by the simple passage of time.

Question 28

what period of time does time based decay extend from

Answer 28

It follows that extending the retention interval - the period of time between stimulus presentation and report - will produce poorer memory performance

Question 29

interference

Answer 29

counting backwards produces “distractor items” that are encoded into short-term memory making it harder to retrieve letters.

Question 30

free recall

Answer 30

stimulus are presented and are reported back

Question 31

recency effect

Answer 31

end of list items are remembered better

Question 32

primary effect

Answer 32

beginning of list items are remembered better

Question 33

what happens when STM capacity limit is hit

Answer 33

forget older items. New items could replace items currently held in STM

Question 34

cues

Answer 34

cues are features of the environment that direct us toward information In memory that we are trying to access or recall. boost likelihood of successful retrieval

Question 35

inference

Answer 35

sometimes, if an aspect of the environment changes, cues that used to signal appropriate responses can signal inappropriate responses - resulting in error

Question 36

proactive interference

Answer 36

older information disrupts retrieval of more recent information

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

more recent information disrupts retrieval of older information

Question 38

problem solving

Answer 38

a hallmark of complex higher. When solving requires one transition a scenario from one state to another

Question 39

algorithm

Answer 39

An algorithm is a fixed procedure for producing a solution to a problem. An algorithm will always produce a solution, but it may be inefficient

Question 40

heuristic

Answer 40

are “rule of thumb” that may or may not produce a solution. They often require less information that algorithms and are easier to use.

Question 41

means end analysis

Answer 41

Creates a sub-goal that moves you toward the end-goal. Complete steps to achieve the sib-goal

Question 42

hill climbing

Answer 42

Perform an action that moves you toward the end-goal. Repeat this process. Stop if you cannot perform an action that brings you closer to the end-goal. Extremely general method of problem solving

Question 43

catching a ball

Answer 43

Rule out decision alternatives on the basis of specific features. Attribute information Is not combined, minimising processing demands. Pool of viable options is rapidly reduced to a manageable number