module 4

Question 1

Left hemisphere

Answer 1

Language/speech

Question 2

Right hemisphere

Answer 2

• Tone of voice/prosody
  
  • Face perception
    Perceptual grouping

Question 3

brocas area

Answer 3

a patient who was unable to speak after damage to the left frontal lobe (Broca’s area)

Question 4

Contralateral function: vision

Answer 4

• Each side of visual space mapped to contralateral visual cortex (opposite side of body)
  
  • Left side of vision to right hemisphere
    Right side of vision to left hemisphere

Question 5

corpus callosum

Answer 5

• Connects the left and right hemispheres
  
  • Axons of neurons (nerve fibres) crossing to the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere
  • Neurons send their axons via the corpus callosum to connect with neurons in the opposite hemisphere
  • Allows transfer of information between the two hemispheres

Question 6

hippocampus

Answer 6

• medial temporal lobe
• memory
• spatial navigation

Question 7

memory and H.M

Answer 7

H.M had his hippocampus removed. causes sever memory loss. could not form new memorys or recall anything after surgery. Could remember things before. could learn new skills but not remember them.

Question 8

declarative long-term memory

Answer 8

conscious recollection (things you can declare)

Question 9

episodic memory

Answer 9

emory of past events or “episodes” things you’ve seen and done, e.g. what you had for lunch yesterday, what you did on your birthday last year

Question 10

semantic memory

Answer 10

facts and basic knowledge you can recall and declare e.g. Paris is the capital city of France

Question 11

procedural memory

Answer 11

not for conscious recall, skills you learnt e.g. how to ride a bike, how to sign your name

Question 12

encoding

Answer 12

laying down new memories for long-term storage

Question 13

Bottom-up processes

Answer 13

driven by external stimuli or unconscious states

Question 14

Top-down processes

Answer 14

cognitive control or volitional choice: modulation by prior knowledge and experience

Question 15

Parietal lobe

Answer 15

• Posterior to the central sulcus
  
  • Attention: directing attention (eye-movements) to explore visual world
    Spatial neglect (parietal lobe damage)

Question 16

Spatial awareness

Answer 16

• Linking vision to action
  
  • Represents spatial location of objects around us for guiding actins
    (map reading and mathematics ability)

Question 17

Attention

Answer 17

• “select” and prioritise stimuli based on location or features (whatever is relevant for goal)
  
  • Moving “spotlight” (location)
    Relevant features (colour, shape, etc.)

Question 18

Conscious controlled - top down

Answer 18

• Selecting and prioritising according to task or goal
  
  • Voluntary shifting visual attention (spotlight) to search
  • Choosing features for selection, or “focus of attention”

Question 19

Automatic attention - bottom- up

Answer 19

• Attention “captured” involuntarily by highly salient stimuli
  
  • Things that “stand out” or pop-out
    Advertisers know how to capture your intention involuntarily, draw your eyes to particular things

Question 20

spatial neglect

Answer 20

eficit in directing attention to one side of space ( side contralateral to brain lesion)
- “ignore things on one side: unable to perceive stimuli on side contralateral to brain lesion
- Not due to any sensory deficit (i.e. normal vision)

Question 21

simultagnosia

Answer 21

can’t perceive multiple object simultaneously

Question 22

executive functions:

Answer 22

• Reasoning, planning, problem-solving
  
  • Inhibitory control
    Working memory

Question 23

Executive and inhibitory control

Answer 23

ucial for control of behaviour
- Selection of appropriate actions
- Inhibition or suppression of inappropriate actions or usual responses (task-switching)

Question 24

disorders associated with impaired inhibitory control:

Answer 24

• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): impulsive behaviours, difficulty preventing distraction to maintain attention on task
  
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): repetitive compulsive behaviour (washing, cleaning and checking)

Question 25

Fronto-temporal dementia

Answer 25

• Degeneration (loss of neurons) in the frontal and temporal lobes
  
  • 2nd most common dementia (after Alzheimer’s disease)
    Early symptoms difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer’s disease

Question 26

Disinhibition

Answer 26

increasingly inappropriate actions e.g. impulsive behaviour, overeating, overly-sexual behaviour, lack of social “tact”. Lack of care for appearance and personal hygiene

Question 27

apathy

Answer 27

ack of motivation, emotional distant, withdrawn (may appear like depression)

Question 28

loss of empathy

Answer 28

unaware of the emotions of others, lacking social skills, may become socially withdrawn