Module 5 Flashcards
What are the two main origins of water pollution?
- Point Source Pollution
- Non-Point Source Pollution
________ is when additions to water cause an imbalance in the ecosystem.
Water Pollution
Examples of ________ include:
discharges from wastewater treatment plants
operational wastes from industries
combined sewer outfalls.
Point source pollution
___________ does not come from a specific source. Instead, it originates from many places, or from a widespread area.
Non-point source pollution
Across the nation, ________ is one of the greatest threats to clean water.
polluted stormwater runoff
________ refers to the pollution that occurs from a single identifiable source
Point source pollution
Examples of ______ include:
1) Sediments from construction, forestry operations, and agricultural lands
2) Bacteria and microorganisms from failing septic systems and pet wastes
3) Nutrients (from fertilizers and yard debris) and pesticides from agricultural areas, golf courses, athletic fields, and residential yards
4) Oil, grease, antifreeze, and metals washed from roads, parking lots, and driveways
5) Toxic chemicals and cleaners that were not disposed of properly
6) Litter thrown onto streets, sidewalks, and beaches, or directly into the water by individuals
Non-point sources
Point source and nonpoint source pollution are two types of mechanisms of ________.
Pollution
The effect of point source pollution is _____ while the effect of nonpoint source pollution is ______.
High
Less
_______ is a type of pollution that occurs via an identifiable source while ________ is a type of more diffusible pollution.
Point source pollution
Nonpoint source pollution
_______ is the end product of all point and non-point source pollutants of a single contaminant.
TMDL
_________ involves the prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques.
Water quality modeling
The ________ addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States.
NPDES permit program
________ is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identify the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards.
A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
The ________ is authorized to state governments by the EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.
NPDES permit program
The _________ is the numeric estimate included in the TMDL calculation, sometimes 10% of the TMDL, intended to allow a safety buffer between the calculated TMDL and the actual load that will allow the water body to meet its beneficial use (since the natural world is complex and several variables may alter future conditions).
Margin of Safety (MOS)
Pollutants that originate from a point source are given allowable levels of contaminants to be discharged which is called the ________.
Waste Load Allocation (WLA).
PRZM is an EPA model first developed in the early 1980’s to simulate the movement in an agricultural field of:
Hydrology
Chemical
_________ - determination of natural pollutant load, and load from human activities (i.e. diffuse nonpoint sources and point discharges).
Load Allocation (LA)
PRZM5 is a ___________.
Daily Time Step Model.
TMDL = ______
WLA + LA + MOS
PRZM used by EPA to estimate off-field loadings of:
Runoff
Eroded sediment
Pesticide mass
Runoff Rate =
Precipitation Rate – Infiltration Rate
_________ is dependent upon:
Land cover (which dictates interception)
Soils
Antecedent moisture
Infiltration rate
