Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENVS 4113 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five soil functions?

A
  1. Medium
  2. Habitat
  3. Biochemical or Nutrient Reactor
  4. Hydrologic Buffer
  5. Foundation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the Components and Processes of the Hydrologic Cycle?

A

Precipitation
Interception
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Condensation
Runoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is a complex matrix of solid materials and void spaces that perform numerous functions essential for life

A

Soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ = The condensed liquid or crystalline water falling from the atmosphere, in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow.

A

Precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ = The process where precipitation is caught and temporarily held in a vegetative canopy before it reaches the land surface.

A

Interception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ = The process where water passes directly from its liquid or solid state to a vapor state. Evaporation can occur from vegetation, soil, or water (and ice) surfaces.

A

Evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____= The process where water is extracted from soil by plants, passing up through the plant to the plant leaves and then discharged to the atmosphere through the stomata.

A

Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ = The combined processes of evaporation and transpiration.

A

Evapotranspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ = The process where water passes from its vapor state to a liquid or solid state, the opposite of evaporation.

A

Condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ = The portion of precipitation on a land area that is discharged from the area enters through streams.

A

Runoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The hydrologic cycle component which removes water from the soil is ______

A

Evapotranspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The hydrologic cycle component which adds water to the soil is _____

A

Infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ = The downward entry of water through the soil surface and into the upper soil layers.

A

Infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Any excess water which infiltrates, and which cannot be retained as the soil water becomes ______

A

deep percolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The water _______ for a soil profile refers to the water additions, subtractions, and the amount of water stored or remaining in the soil.

A

“budget”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ is the entry of water into soil as a result of gravity and soil water tension forces.

A

Infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics of rainfall?

A

The amount,
the intensity,
the duration,
the frequency or return period, and the seasonal distribution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ = How the rate is influenced when water ponds on the surface

A

Infiltration Capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Factors that Affect Soil Hydrology:

A
  1. Soil Infiltration
  2. Evaporation and Transpiration
  3. Leaching
  4. Runoff
  5. Soil Water Storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ = The rate, or quantity of water per unit of time

A

Infiltration Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gravel and coarse sands infiltration rates at?

A

0.8 inches per hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ = The total quantity (depth) of water infiltrated with time

A

Cumulative infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sandy loams infiltration rates at?

A

0.4 to 0.8 inches per hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Loams infiltration rates at?

A

0.2 to 0.4 inches per hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Silty clay loams & clay soils at?

A

< 0.2 inches per hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Infiltration capacity refers to which force (gravity or soil water tension) controls the ____?

A

infiltration rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

As soil starts to saturate, the predominant force driving infiltration switches from the soil water tension to ______

A

gravity

17
Q

Soil particle size from greatest to least?

A

Coarse fragments
Sand
Silt
Clay

17
Q

The primary factors that affect the potential evaporation and transpiration, if water is readily available from soil and plant surfaces, are:

A
  1. Solar Radiation and Temperature
  2. Humidity and Wind
17
Q

At the earth’s surface, the potential evaporation and transpiration is about ____, or generally around ____________ of water per day when summer begins.

A

half to two-thirds the maximum

one-fourth inch

18
Q

_______ are the aerodynamic forces which influence evaporation and transpiration.

A

Humidity (vapor pressure)

and wind

19
Q

_________ occurs when the soil cannot infiltrate water fast enough or when infiltration ceases, and there is no further capacity to store the water near the soil surface.

A

Surface runoff or overland flow

19
Q

The soil water storage or soil water content can be quantified on the basis of its volumetric or _____ water content

A

gravimetric

19
Q

_____ is the removal of soluble material(s) from soil or other permeable material by the passage of water through it.

A

Leaching

20
Q

What factors are these?
1. Total Porosity or Void Space
2. Pore-size and Distribution and Connectivity
3. Soil Water Pressure Potential or Energy Status of the Soil Water

A

Factors that affect the soil water storage

20
Q

________ ultimately establishes the upper limit of how much water can be stored in a given volume of soil.

A

The total porosity or void space

21
Q

It’s important to note that soil water moves in direct response to ________ forces acting upon it

A

the energy or pressure potential

21
Q

What is hygroscopic water?

A

(water that is not available to plants).

22
Q

An example of _________ is when a plow pan is formed by village, causing a shallow compacted layer.

A

Cumulative Infiltration

23
Q

Infiltration _______in a soil that is already saturated to the surface.

A

Ceases

24
Q

______ and _______are the thermal (radiation and sensible heat energy) sources that cause water to evaporate from the earth’s surface.

A

Solar Radiation and temperature

24
Q

If there is no ______, the water vapor is not transported away from the evaporating or transpiring surface.

A

Wind

25
Q

_______ affects the vapor pressure gradient of the atmosphere and wind mixes and alters the vapor pressure gradient.

A

Humidity

26
Q

The ________ is a function of the soil’s particle size, particle uniformity and packing or structure because the void space that remains between the solid particles determines the extent and distribution of pore sizes and their connectivity.

A

Total Porosity

27
Q

The soil water characteristic curve(s) and definitions are used to establish and further refine and quantify the general availability of soil water which is often referred to as:

A

gravitational water (water subject to drainage)
capillary water (water available to plants)
hygroscopic water (water that is not available to plants)

28
Q

What is capillary water?

A

water available to plants

29
Q

What is gravitational water?

A

Water subject to drainage

30
Q

This negative pressure in unsaturated soil is termed ______ so as not to confuse it with positive pressures.

A

matric, tension or suction pressure potential

31
Q

_____________ is defined as the upper surface of groundwater (saturated zone) or that level in the ground below the soil surface where the water is at (and in equilibrium with) atmospheric pressure.

A

The water table

32
Q

Soil state where both macropores (large pores) and micropores (small pores) are filled with water is called?

A

Saturation

33
Q

The amount of water that drains out of a saturated soil by gravitational force is called?

A

Gravitational Water

34
Q

Holes between soil particles where water can be stored is called?

A

Soil pores

35
Q

What are the two types of pores in soil?

A

Macro and micro pores

36
Q

Pore size where water moves freely and is not retained due to gravity

A

Macro

37
Q

Pore size where water sticks to the soil particles due to soil tension

A

Micro

38
Q

These parameters are for what?
1. Field Capacity
2. Permanent Wilting Point
3. Available Water Capacity
4. Bulk Density

A

Soil Hydrology

38
Q

_______ is the water content of a soil when most plants (corn, wheat, sunflowers) growing in that soil wilt and fail to recover their turgor upon rewetting.

A

The permanent wilting point

39
Q

The matric potential at this soil moisture condition is commonly estimated at -15 bar.

A

Permanent Wilting Point

39
Q

____________ is the portion of water that can be absorbed by plant roots.

A

The total available water (holding) capacity

40
Q

____ is the amount of water remaining in the soil a few days after having been wetted and after free drainage has ceased.

A

Field capacity

41
Q

The soil types with higher total available water content are generally more conducive to _________ because they can supply adequate moisture to plants during times when rainfall does not occur.

A

high biomass productivity

42
Q

__________ of a soil is inversely related to the porosity of the same soil

A

The dry bulk density

42
Q

__________ of soil depends greatly on the mineral make up of soil and the degree of compaction.

A

The bulk density

43
Q

The more pore space in a soil the _____ (lower or higher) the value for bulk density.

A

lower

44
Q

The _________________ is a soil and water model used by EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs to estimate pesticide concentrations in water bodies and groundwater that result from pesticide applications to land for risk assessment purposes. EPA uses this system for regulatory decision-making.​

A

Pesticide in Water Calculator version 2.001 (PWC 2.001)

ENVS 4113 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions