Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five soil functions?

A
  1. Medium
  2. Habitat
  3. Biochemical or Nutrient Reactor
  4. Hydrologic Buffer
  5. Foundation
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2
Q

What are the Components and Processes of the Hydrologic Cycle?

A

Precipitation
Interception
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Condensation
Runoff

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3
Q

____ is a complex matrix of solid materials and void spaces that perform numerous functions essential for life

A

Soil

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4
Q

_____ = The condensed liquid or crystalline water falling from the atmosphere, in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow.

A

Precipitation

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5
Q

______ = The process where precipitation is caught and temporarily held in a vegetative canopy before it reaches the land surface.

A

Interception

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6
Q

_____ = The process where water passes directly from its liquid or solid state to a vapor state. Evaporation can occur from vegetation, soil, or water (and ice) surfaces.

A

Evaporation

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7
Q

____= The process where water is extracted from soil by plants, passing up through the plant to the plant leaves and then discharged to the atmosphere through the stomata.

A

Transpiration

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8
Q

____ = The combined processes of evaporation and transpiration.

A

Evapotranspiration

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9
Q

_____ = The process where water passes from its vapor state to a liquid or solid state, the opposite of evaporation.

A

Condensation

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9
Q

____ = The portion of precipitation on a land area that is discharged from the area enters through streams.

A

Runoff

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9
Q

The hydrologic cycle component which removes water from the soil is ______

A

Evapotranspiration

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10
Q

The hydrologic cycle component which adds water to the soil is _____

A

Infiltration

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10
Q

_____ = The downward entry of water through the soil surface and into the upper soil layers.

A

Infiltration

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10
Q

Any excess water which infiltrates, and which cannot be retained as the soil water becomes ______

A

deep percolation

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10
Q

The water _______ for a soil profile refers to the water additions, subtractions, and the amount of water stored or remaining in the soil.

A

“budget”

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11
Q

____ is the entry of water into soil as a result of gravity and soil water tension forces.

A

Infiltration

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of rainfall?

A

The amount,
the intensity,
the duration,
the frequency or return period, and the seasonal distribution.

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12
Q

____ = How the rate is influenced when water ponds on the surface

A

Infiltration Capacity

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12
Q

Factors that Affect Soil Hydrology:

A
  1. Soil Infiltration
  2. Evaporation and Transpiration
  3. Leaching
  4. Runoff
  5. Soil Water Storage
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12
Q

____ = The rate, or quantity of water per unit of time

A

Infiltration Rate

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12
Q

Gravel and coarse sands infiltration rates at?

A

0.8 inches per hour

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13
Q

___ = The total quantity (depth) of water infiltrated with time

A

Cumulative infiltration

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13
Q

Sandy loams infiltration rates at?

A

0.4 to 0.8 inches per hour

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14
Q

Loams infiltration rates at?

A

0.2 to 0.4 inches per hour

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15
Silty clay loams & clay soils at?
< 0.2 inches per hour
16
Infiltration capacity refers to which force (gravity or soil water tension) controls the ____?
infiltration rate.
16
As soil starts to saturate, the predominant force driving infiltration switches from the soil water tension to ______
gravity
17
Soil particle size from greatest to least?
Coarse fragments Sand Silt Clay
17
The primary factors that affect the potential evaporation and transpiration, if water is readily available from soil and plant surfaces, are:
1. Solar Radiation and Temperature 2. Humidity and Wind
17
At the earth's surface, the potential evaporation and transpiration is about ____, or generally around ____________ of water per day when summer begins.
half to two-thirds the maximum one-fourth inch
18
_______ are the aerodynamic forces which influence evaporation and transpiration.
Humidity (vapor pressure) and wind
19
_________ occurs when the soil cannot infiltrate water fast enough or when infiltration ceases, and there is no further capacity to store the water near the soil surface.
Surface runoff or overland flow
19
The soil water storage or soil water content can be quantified on the basis of its volumetric or _____ water content
gravimetric
19
_____ is the removal of soluble material(s) from soil or other permeable material by the passage of water through it.
Leaching
20
What factors are these? 1. Total Porosity or Void Space 2. Pore-size and Distribution and Connectivity 3. Soil Water Pressure Potential or Energy Status of the Soil Water
Factors that affect the soil water storage
20
________ ultimately establishes the upper limit of how much water can be stored in a given volume of soil.
The total porosity or void space
21
It's important to note that soil water moves in direct response to ________ forces acting upon it
the energy or pressure potential
21
What is hygroscopic water?
(water that is not available to plants).
22
An example of _________ is when a plow pan is formed by village, causing a shallow compacted layer.
Cumulative Infiltration
23
Infiltration _______in a soil that is already saturated to the surface.
Ceases
24
______ and _______are the thermal (radiation and sensible heat energy) sources that cause water to evaporate from the earth's surface.
Solar Radiation and temperature
24
If there is no ______, the water vapor is not transported away from the evaporating or transpiring surface.
Wind
25
_______ affects the vapor pressure gradient of the atmosphere and wind mixes and alters the vapor pressure gradient.
Humidity
26
The ________ is a function of the soil's particle size, particle uniformity and packing or structure because the void space that remains between the solid particles determines the extent and distribution of pore sizes and their connectivity.
Total Porosity
27
The soil water characteristic curve(s) and definitions are used to establish and further refine and quantify the general availability of soil water which is often referred to as:
gravitational water (water subject to drainage) capillary water (water available to plants) hygroscopic water (water that is not available to plants)
28
What is capillary water?
water available to plants
29
What is gravitational water?
Water subject to drainage
30
This negative pressure in unsaturated soil is termed ______ so as not to confuse it with positive pressures.
matric, tension or suction pressure potential
31
_____________ is defined as the upper surface of groundwater (saturated zone) or that level in the ground below the soil surface where the water is at (and in equilibrium with) atmospheric pressure.
The water table
32
Soil state where both macropores (large pores) and micropores (small pores) are filled with water is called?
Saturation
33
The amount of water that drains out of a saturated soil by gravitational force is called?
Gravitational Water
34
Holes between soil particles where water can be stored is called?
Soil pores
35
What are the two types of pores in soil?
Macro and micro pores
36
Pore size where water moves freely and is not retained due to gravity
Macro
37
Pore size where water sticks to the soil particles due to soil tension
Micro
38
These parameters are for what? 1. Field Capacity 2. Permanent Wilting Point 3. Available Water Capacity 4. Bulk Density
Soil Hydrology
38
_______ is the water content of a soil when most plants (corn, wheat, sunflowers) growing in that soil wilt and fail to recover their turgor upon rewetting.
The permanent wilting point
39
The matric potential at this soil moisture condition is commonly estimated at -15 bar.
Permanent Wilting Point
39
____________ is the portion of water that can be absorbed by plant roots.
The total available water (holding) capacity
40
____ is the amount of water remaining in the soil a few days after having been wetted and after free drainage has ceased.
Field capacity
41
The soil types with higher total available water content are generally more conducive to _________ because they can supply adequate moisture to plants during times when rainfall does not occur.
high biomass productivity
42
__________ of a soil is inversely related to the porosity of the same soil
The dry bulk density
42
__________ of soil depends greatly on the mineral make up of soil and the degree of compaction.
The bulk density
43
The more pore space in a soil the _____ (lower or higher) the value for bulk density.
lower
44
The _________________ is a soil and water model used by EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs to estimate pesticide concentrations in water bodies and groundwater that result from pesticide applications to land for risk assessment purposes. EPA uses this system for regulatory decision-making.​
Pesticide in Water Calculator version 2.001 (PWC 2.001)