module 5 Flashcards
know levels of prevention
- Primary Prevention—intervening before health effects occur, through.
- Secondary Prevention—screening to identify diseases in the earliest.
- Tertiary Prevention—managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop.
what is the purpose of epidemiology
provides a frame of reference for investigating and improving clinical practice in any setting.
what are the 3 components of the epidemiological triangle
agent, host, environment
which component of the epidemiological triangle had biological, chemical, physcial, and psychosocial factors
agents
which component of the epidemiological triangle includes genetic makeup, age, sex, nutrition, lifestyle, race, exercise, health knowledge, and motivation for wellness?
host
which component of the epidemiological triangle includes climate, plant/animal life, crowding, social support, education resources, noise, work satisfaction, vectors, heat, politics, and demographics?
environment
describe the chain of causation
reservoir, mode of transmission, susceptible host
describe the web of causation
there can be multiple causations, not just linear like the chain.
ex) there are many factors why someone would/wouldn’t get a PSA test
the number of cases (both newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed in current survivors) within a given population in a defined time period
prevalence
why is prevalence data important?
Prevalence data provide an indication of the extent of a health problem
refers to all new cases of a disease or health condition appearing during a specified point in time or over a period of time.
incidence
why is incidence important?
The primary value of incidence rates is in studies of disease etiology, by comparing how the rates vary among different subgroups or with different exposures
______ refers to the presence of disease in a population
morbidity
_______ refers to the occurrence of death in a population
mortality
_____ refers to short-term resistance (immunity) that is acquired either naturally or artificially.
passive immunity
example of passive immunity
nowborns through maternal antibody transfers
______ is long-term and sometimes offers lifelong resistance (immunity) that is acquired either naturally or artificially
active immunity
describe naturally acquired active immunity
comes through host infection. That is, a person who contracts a disease often develops long-lasting antibodies that provide immunity against future exposures.
describe artificially acquired active immunity
attained through vaccine inoculation. (ex. vaccines for polio, diptheria, smallpox, etc)
____ refers to a situation in which a person’s immunity to one agent provides immunity to a related agent as well. The immunity can be either passive or active
cross immunity
_____ describes the immunity level that is present in a population group. A population with low immunity is one with few immune members; consequently, it is more susceptible to a particular disease
herd immunity
steps to help epidemiological mitigation
testing, isolation, quarantine, tracing/contact tracing
5 goals of disease mitigation
control, elimination of disease, elimination of infection, eradication, extinction
which goal of disease mitigation is the reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required to maintain the reduction
control
which goal of disease mitigation is Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required.
elimination of disease
which goal of disease mitigation is Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission are required
elimination of infections
which goal of disease mitigation is Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed.
eradication
which goal of disease mitigation is The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory
extinction
describe relative risk ratio
a number that shows if someone with a risk factor is more likely to contract something than someone without. 1:1 means no correlation, and the relative risk is 1.0. A relative risk >1.0 menas that those with the risk factor have a greater likelihood of acquiring the disease than do those without it.
why is the relative risk ratio important
The relative risk ratio assists in determining the most effective points for community health intervention in regard to particular health problems. It also provides a more easily understood method for explaining the risk of certain behaviors in the development of illness or injury to the public
what are disability adjusted life years?
used to measure the Global Burden of Disease, higher number = greater burden
describe the WHO sustainable development goals (SDGs)
they are an urgent call for action by all countries.
They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.
