Module 5 Flashcards by Juan Piolo Miguel Senires

Parts of the “Bible” (5)

Apical Meristems
Primary Meristems
Primary Tissues
Secondary/Lateral Meristems
Secondary Tissues

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What are the Apical Meristems

RAM and SAM

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Apical Meristems become the Primary Meristems, what are they (3)

Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procambium

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Primary Tissue/s arising from the Protoderm

Epidermis

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Primary Tissue/s arising from the Ground Meristem

Pith
Cortex
Endodermis
Mesophyll

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Tissues arising from the Procambium

Primary: Pericycle, Primary Xylem, Primary Phloem

Secondary Meristem: Vascular Cambium

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Secondary Meristems

Cork Cambium
Vascular Cambium

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Cork Cambium is derived from?

Cortex, Epidermis, and Pericycle

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Vascular Cambium is derived from?

Procambium and Pericycle

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Secondary tissues

Periderm
Secondary Xylem
Secondary Phloem

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embryonic tissue regions whose primary function is the formation of new cells

Meristems

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Classification of
Meristems (Position)

Apical (SAM)
Intercalary
Lateral
Apical (RAM)

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Located at the tips of root and shoot

Produces new leaves and flowers

Responsible for vertical
growth (primary growth)

Apical Meristems

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Arranged parallel with
the root and stem axes

Produces bark on trees

Occurs at the cambium

Responsible for
horizontal growth
(secondary growth)

Lateral Meristems

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Found within organs
near their bases

Situated between tissues that are no longer derived from apical meristem but meristematic activity occurs some distance from the apical
meristem

Increases length of internodes

Intercalary

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Classification of Meristems (Origin)

Primary
Secondary

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the initials are direct descendants of embryonic cells that never ceased their meristematic activity; apical meristems of shoot apex and root apex

Primary Meristem

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the initials originate from cells that had differentiated then resumed meristematic activity

Secondary Meristem

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Classification of Meristems (Continuity of activity)

Indeterminate
Determinate

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Differentiate Indeterminate and Determinate

Indeterminate: Will keep growing

Determinate: Will stop growing

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Gives rise to epidermal tissue system and develops into epidermis, stomata, and hairs

Protoderm

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Gives rise to primary vascular tissues

Procambium

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Gives rise to all tissues except epidermis and vascular tissues

Ground Meristem

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Cytological characteristics of Meristematic cells (10)

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uniform in appearance
usually small
thin-walled (with flexible primary cell wall)
isodiametric in shape
large prominent nuclei
have dense cytoplasm with numerous ribosomes
have proplastids
devoid of crystals and reserve materials
vacuoles numerous, small or absent
compact, lack intercellular space

the embryonic meristem consists of apical initials (youngest meristematic cells) found at the tip of the SAM and RAM some cells divide to form more initials, while others differentiate into primary meristems least differentiated part of the apical meristem

Promeristem

Youngest Leaf Primordia is located where?

Look like "mandibles" of the "head", "tenga ni batman"

90 degree phyllotaxy present in Coleus

Decussate

THEORIES ON SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM) ORGANIZATION

Apical Theory (Schmidt) Histogen Theory (Hanstein) Tunica-Corpus Theory (Schmidt)

A single apical cell is the structural and functional unit that governs the growth and development of the whole plant body

Apical Cell Theory

In Histogen Theory, the shoot apex comprises three distinct zones. What are these and what are their functions?

Dermatogen: Gives rise to epidermis Periblem: Middle Layer giving rise to cortex Plerome: Innermost layer giving rise to the steele

What are the modes of division of the different layers in Histogen theory?

Dermatogen: Anticlinal Periblem: Both Plerome: Periclinal

In Tunica-Corpus Theory, the shoot apex comprises two distinct zones. What are these and what are their functions?

Tunica: It is the peripheral zone of shoot apex, forms the epidermis; divides anticlinally; first 2 layers Corpus: It is the inner zone of shoot apex that forms the cortex and stele of shoot; it divides in all directions (anticlinal and periclinal); third layer onwards

Division increasing width, side-to-side

Anticlinal

Division increasing length, Up and down

Periclinal

THEORIES ON ROOT APICAL MERISTEM (RAM) ORGANIZATION

Apical Cell Theory (Nageli) Histogen Theory (Hanstein) Korper Kappe Theory (Schuepp) Quiescent Centre Concept (Clowes)

The single apical initial composes the root meristem tetrahedral in shade. It produces root cap from one side and the remaining three sides produce the epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues

Apical Cell Theory

The histogen theory as applied to the RAM speaks of four zones in the meristem, what are they and what are their functions?

Dermatogen: Outermost, gives rise to lateral root epidermis Periblem: It is a middle layer, gives rise to cortex. Plerome: It is innermost layer, gives rise to stele Calyptrogen: It gives rise to root cap.

Equivalent to the tunica-corpus theory but for RAM instead of SAM. Based on differences in the planes of cell division The cells in the root apex divide in a pattern called T-divisions.

Korper Kappe Theory

Two zones off root apex according to Korper Kappe theory and their functions

Kappe: Cap Korper: Body

T/F: Cells in Kappe zone divide first horizontally then lower daughter divides longitudinally (T-Division)

True

T/F: Cells in Korper zone, upper cells divide longitudinally (T-Division)

False, Kappe zone

States the apparently inactive quiescent centre region is the site of hormone synthesis and the ultimate source of all meristematic cells of the meristem

Quiescent Centre Concept

Observed in some gymnosperms and most angiosperms with 3 zones in the SAM

Cytohistological zonation (Foster)

3 Zones in Cytohistological Zonation

CMC or Central Mother Cell Zone Rib or Pith Rib Zone Peripheral or Flank Zone

Equivalent to promeristem containing tunica and corpus that has initials giving rise to rib and peripheral

CMC

Found below CMC becoming the central pith

Rib or Pith Rib

Found besides the rib zone and has rapidly dividing cells that gives rise to procambium, leaves and cortex

Peripheral or Flank Zone

Closed vs open root systems

Closed has visible layers of initials for steele, cortex and rootcap Open has no distinct defined boundaries in RAM

Activity results in increase in the girth of the organ

Lateral/Secondary Meristems

collectively known as the periderm

phellogen, cork (phellem) and phelloderm

forms a cylinder between xylem and phloem tissues in x-sections, the cells of the vascular cambium look like flattened rectangles

Vascular Cambium

Two Cell Types

Fusiform initials Ray initials

Vascular Cambium between the xylem and phloem (sandwiched)

Fascicular Cambium

Vascular Cambium not between the xylem and phloem

Interfascicular Cambium

Among initials, describe the appearance of the Fusiform and Ray

Fusiform: Long cells Ray: Dotted circular cells

T/F: Vascular cambium divide anticlinally to produce more cambial cells

True

T/F: Vascular cambium divide periclinally; outer cell product differentiates into 2 ̊ xylem, inner cell product differentiate into 2 ̊ phloem

False, Inner=xylem, Outer=Phloem

lateral meristem that produces the periderm the layer that replaces the epidermis during secondary growth may arise from the epidermis, cortex, phloem, and pericycle outer product is the cork/phellem and inner product is the phelloderm

Cork Cambium

Describe appearance of the Periderm from outside in

Outer large cells: Phellem Small thin flattened layer: Phellogen Layer with circular cells: Phelloderm, slightly smaller and darker stained than cortex

Module 5 Flashcards

(59 cards)