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BIO 101 LE 1 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of the “Bible” (5)

A

Apical Meristems
Primary Meristems
Primary Tissues
Secondary/Lateral Meristems
Secondary Tissues

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2
Q

What are the Apical Meristems

A

RAM and SAM

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3
Q

Apical Meristems become the Primary Meristems, what are they (3)

A

Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procambium

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4
Q

Primary Tissue/s arising from the Protoderm

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

Primary Tissue/s arising from the Ground Meristem

A

Pith
Cortex
Endodermis
Mesophyll

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6
Q

Tissues arising from the Procambium

A

Primary: Pericycle, Primary Xylem, Primary Phloem

Secondary Meristem: Vascular Cambium

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7
Q

Secondary Meristems

A

Cork Cambium
Vascular Cambium

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8
Q

Cork Cambium is derived from?

A

Cortex, Epidermis, and Pericycle

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9
Q

Vascular Cambium is derived from?

A

Procambium and Pericycle

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10
Q

Secondary tissues

A

Periderm
Secondary Xylem
Secondary Phloem

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11
Q

embryonic tissue regions whose primary function is the formation of new cells

A

Meristems

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12
Q

Classification of
Meristems (Position)

A

Apical (SAM)
Intercalary
Lateral
Apical (RAM)

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13
Q

Located at the tips of root and shoot

Produces new leaves and flowers

Responsible for vertical
growth (primary growth)

A

Apical Meristems

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14
Q

Arranged parallel with
the root and stem axes

Produces bark on trees

Occurs at the cambium

Responsible for
horizontal growth
(secondary growth)

A

Lateral Meristems

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15
Q

Found within organs
near their bases

Situated between tissues that are no longer derived from apical meristem but meristematic activity occurs some distance from the apical
meristem

Increases length of internodes

A

Intercalary

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16
Q

Classification of Meristems (Origin)

A

Primary
Secondary

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17
Q

the initials are direct descendants of embryonic cells that never ceased their meristematic activity; apical meristems of shoot apex and root apex

A

Primary Meristem

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18
Q

the initials originate from cells that had differentiated then resumed meristematic activity

A

Secondary Meristem

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19
Q

Classification of Meristems (Continuity of activity)

A

Indeterminate
Determinate

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20
Q

Differentiate Indeterminate and Determinate

A

Indeterminate: Will keep growing

Determinate: Will stop growing

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21
Q

Gives rise to epidermal tissue system and develops into epidermis, stomata, and hairs

A

Protoderm

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22
Q

Gives rise to primary vascular tissues

A

Procambium

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23
Q

Gives rise to all tissues except epidermis and vascular tissues

A

Ground Meristem

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24
Q

Cytological characteristics of Meristematic cells (10)

A
  1. uniform in appearance
  2. usually small
  3. thin-walled (with flexible primary cell wall)
  4. isodiametric in shape
  5. large prominent nuclei
  6. have dense cytoplasm with numerous ribosomes
  7. have proplastids
  8. devoid of crystals and reserve materials
  9. vacuoles numerous, small or absent
  10. compact, lack intercellular space
25
Q

the embryonic meristem

consists of apical initials (youngest
meristematic cells)

found at the tip of the SAM and RAM

some cells divide to form more initials, while others differentiate into primary meristems

least differentiated part of the apical meristem

A

Promeristem

26
Q

Youngest Leaf Primordia is located where?

A

Look like “mandibles” of the “head”, “tenga ni batman”

27
Q

90 degree phyllotaxy present in Coleus

A

Decussate

28
Q

THEORIES ON SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM) ORGANIZATION

A

Apical Theory (Schmidt)
Histogen Theory (Hanstein)
Tunica-Corpus Theory (Schmidt)

29
Q

A single apical cell is the structural and functional unit that governs the growth and development of the whole plant body

A

Apical Cell Theory

30
Q

In Histogen Theory, the shoot apex comprises three distinct zones. What are these and what are their functions?

A

Dermatogen: Gives rise to epidermis

Periblem: Middle Layer giving rise to cortex

Plerome: Innermost layer giving rise to the steele

31
Q

What are the modes of division of the different layers in Histogen theory?

A

Dermatogen: Anticlinal

Periblem: Both

Plerome: Periclinal

32
Q

In Tunica-Corpus Theory, the shoot apex comprises two distinct zones. What are these and what are their functions?

A

Tunica: It is the peripheral zone of shoot apex, forms the epidermis; divides anticlinally; first 2 layers

Corpus: It is the inner zone of shoot apex that forms the cortex and stele of shoot; it divides in all directions (anticlinal and periclinal); third layer onwards

33
Q

Division increasing width, side-to-side

A

Anticlinal

34
Q

Division increasing length, Up and down

A

Periclinal

35
Q

THEORIES ON ROOT APICAL MERISTEM (RAM) ORGANIZATION

A

Apical Cell Theory (Nageli)

Histogen Theory (Hanstein)

Korper Kappe Theory (Schuepp)

Quiescent Centre Concept (Clowes)

36
Q

The single apical initial composes the root meristem tetrahedral in shade. It produces root cap from one
side and the remaining three sides produce the epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues

A

Apical Cell Theory

37
Q

The histogen theory as applied to the RAM speaks of four zones in
the meristem, what are they and what are their functions?

A

Dermatogen: Outermost, gives rise to lateral root epidermis

Periblem: It is a middle layer, gives rise to cortex.

Plerome: It is innermost layer, gives rise to stele

Calyptrogen: It gives rise to root cap.

38
Q

Equivalent to the tunica-corpus theory but for RAM instead of SAM.

Based on differences in the planes of cell division

The cells in the root apex divide in a pattern called T-divisions.

A

Korper Kappe Theory

39
Q

Two zones off root apex according to Korper Kappe theory and their functions

A

Kappe: Cap
Korper: Body

40
Q

T/F: Cells in Kappe zone divide first horizontally then lower daughter divides longitudinally (T-Division)

A

True

41
Q

T/F: Cells in Korper zone, upper cells divide longitudinally (T-Division)

A

False, Kappe zone

42
Q

States the apparently inactive quiescent centre region is the site of hormone synthesis and the ultimate source of all meristematic cells of the meristem

A

Quiescent Centre Concept

43
Q

Observed in some gymnosperms and most angiosperms with 3 zones in the SAM

A

Cytohistological zonation (Foster)

44
Q

3 Zones in Cytohistological Zonation

A

CMC or Central Mother Cell Zone

Rib or Pith Rib Zone

Peripheral or Flank Zone

45
Q

Equivalent to promeristem containing tunica and corpus that has initials giving rise to rib and peripheral

A

CMC

46
Q

Found below CMC becoming the central pith

A

Rib or Pith Rib

47
Q

Found besides the rib zone and has rapidly dividing cells that gives rise to procambium, leaves and cortex

A

Peripheral or Flank Zone

48
Q

Closed vs open root systems

A

Closed has visible layers of initials for steele, cortex and rootcap

Open has no distinct defined boundaries in RAM

49
Q

Activity results in increase in the girth of the organ

A

Lateral/Secondary Meristems

50
Q

collectively known as
the periderm

A

phellogen, cork (phellem) and phelloderm

51
Q

forms a cylinder between xylem and phloem tissues

in x-sections, the cells of the vascular cambium look like flattened rectangles

A

Vascular Cambium

52
Q

Two Cell Types

A

Fusiform initials
Ray initials

53
Q

Vascular Cambium between the xylem and phloem (sandwiched)

A

Fascicular Cambium

54
Q

Vascular Cambium not between the xylem and phloem

A

Interfascicular Cambium

55
Q

Among initials, describe the appearance of the Fusiform and Ray

A

Fusiform: Long cells

Ray: Dotted circular cells

56
Q

T/F: Vascular cambium divide anticlinally to
produce more cambial cells

A

True

57
Q

T/F: Vascular cambium divide periclinally;
outer cell product
differentiates into
2 ̊ xylem, inner cell
product differentiate
into 2 ̊ phloem

A

False, Inner=xylem, Outer=Phloem

58
Q

lateral meristem that produces the periderm

the layer that replaces the epidermis during secondary growth

may arise from the epidermis, cortex, phloem, and pericycle

outer product is the cork/phellem and inner product is the phelloderm

A

Cork Cambium

59
Q

Describe appearance of the Periderm from outside in

A

Outer large cells: Phellem

Small thin flattened layer: Phellogen

Layer with circular cells: Phelloderm, slightly smaller and darker stained than cortex

BIO 101 LE 1 (3 decks)

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