Module 4 Flashcards by Juan Piolo Miguel Senires

microscopic, consists of protoplast that contain cell wall, organelles & vacuoles

Plant cell

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Structures found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells (3)

Large, centrally located vacuole
Cellulose cell wall
Plastids

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This structure occupies 90% of the cell’s volume

Central Vacuole

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Single membrane surrounding the central vacuole

Tonoplast

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Contents of central vacuole (2)

Clear cell sap (water and salts)

Visible crystals, starch, protein bodies, and other fibrous materials

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Functions of central vacuole (6)

Osmotic Regulation
Tissue rigidity
Waste storage
Digestive organelle
Contain water soluble pigments
Crystal formation

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Organelles characteristic of plant cells

Have no homologues in the animal cell

Vary in form, size, and pigmentation

Plastids

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Progenitor Plastid

Proplastid

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8 types of plastids

Etioplast
Leucoplast
Proteinoplast
Elaioplast
Amyloplast
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast

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green; chlorophyll
pigments predominate in them

Chloroplasts

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lack pigments; if a plant is kept out of light for several days,
its chloroplasts will actually convert
into this.

Etioplasts

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forms from
chloroplast during senescence

Gerontoplast

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yellow, orange or red;
carotenoid or xanthophyll pigments
predominate in them

Chromoplasts

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non-pigmented plastids
found in tissues unexposed to light

Leucoplasts

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leucoplasts that store
starch

Amyloplasts

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Special amyloplast type found in root cap for gravity perception

Statoliths

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Leucoplasts that store proteins

Proteinoplasts

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Leucoplasts that store fats and oils

Elaioplasts

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Parts of chloroplasts (5)

Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid system

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Lipid containing structure that increases in amount in chloroplast stroma. Sign of senescence.

Plastoglobule

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All plastids are initially derived from proplastids found in this region

RAMs and SAMs

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Plastids are maternally-inherited in the majority of angiosperms, why?

The sperm nuclei already have too many functions therefore no space for plastids

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Reserve materials and substances which are produced and stored
in plant cells but DO NOT re-enter the metabolism of the plant

Ergastic Substances or Inclusions

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6 Main Ergastic Substances

1) Starch
2)proteins
3) oils, fats, waxes
4) crystals and silica bodies
5) Tannins
6)Pigments

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constructed by layered deposition of starch around a nucleation center HILUM

Starch

Types of Starch Grains

Eccentric Concentric Semi-compound Compound

Hilum not centered

Eccentric

Hilum centered

Concentric

Two hilums at center of concentric rings

Semi-compound

No clear center hilum

Compound

Accumulate in Aleurone Grains

Crystalloid and Globoid Proteins

important reserve materials in plants found in seeds and fruits produced by elaioplasts

Fats/Oils/Lipids/Waxes

Types of Crystals (6)

Druse Raphides Prism Styloids Crystal Sands Cystolith

Crystal that looks like a diamond

Prism

Crystal that looks like a toothpick

Styloids

Crystal that looks like a bunch of needles

Raphides

Plant cell that differs markedly from neighboring cells

Idioblast

Look like salt grains

Crystal Sand

Looks like flowers or minesweeper bombs

Druse

Stalked crystal formed inside an epidermal cell

Cystolith

Cell containing Cystolith

Lithocyst

are rectangular with undulated margins deter herbivory and increase the abrasiveness of grass leaf blades

Silica Bodies or Phytoliths

phenol derivatives found in leaves, vascular tissues, periderm, unripe fruits, seed coats appear as yellow, red, or brown granular masses deter herbivory (poisonous to insects)

Tannins

Prevents rupture of the cell Maintains the size and shape of the cell Only sperm cells of some seed plants lack this Synthesis controlled by golgi complex

Cell Wall

Give the steps in Formation of CELL WALL

cell wall forms following mitotic telophase microtubules from the phragmoplast between the two daughter nuclei phragmoplast serves as the framework for the assembly of the cell plate cell plate forms within the phragmoplasts from fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles microtubules of phragmoplasts disappear with the enlargement of the cell plate

T/F: the cell plate is composed of pectic compounds (Ca & Mg pectate)

True

T/F: Middle Lamella is formed immediately

False, the cell plate gradually undergoes changes to form the middle lamella

Cell Wall Layers (4)

Middle Lamella Primary Wall Secondary Wall (3 Layers) Tertiary Wall

T/F: Primary and Secondary walls are permanent, almost never degraded or depolymerized

True

Middle Lamella is characterized by high levels of ______.

Pectin

parallel cellulose molecules crystallize into ____________ that wound around the cell

Microfibrils

Binds the microfibrils together, produced in Dictyosomes

Hemicellulose

first wall that develops in the new cell; deposited before and during the growth of the cell Made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin thin and elastic

Primary Wall

Where is cellulose synthesized

In the plasma membrane by Rosette Terminal Complexes

Discuss Cell Wall formation process

Rosette Terminal complexes synthesize cellulose in the plasma membrane. This occurs due to the Cellulose Synthase Complex that binds 1 cellulose polymer at a time to the end of a chain forming the cell wall. Added to inner layer of the wall only

T/F: Plant cells grow in the direction with higher mechanical strength

False, grow towards lower.

What determines microfibril orientation?

cellulose synthase complex (CSC)

deposited between the primary wall and plasma membrane develops in cells which have ceased to grow much thicker than primary wall and impregnated with lignin resists chemical, fungal, and bacterial attack

Secondary Cell Wall

T/F: Secondary Cell wall increases in surface and thickness

False, Only thickness

Among the three layers of the Secondary Cell wall (S1, S2, and S3) which one is the thickest due to successive layers of lignin?

T/F: Secondary Cell Wall causes death at maturity

True, secondary wall deposition makes protoplast small / disappear so the cells become dead at maturity as seen in sclereids

dried residue of degenerated plasma lining that only occurs in some cases contains xylan (hemicellulose) for integrity and defense

Tertiary Wall

fine holes in the cell walls plasma membrane, small channel of cytosol, and specialized ER of one cell passes through it and is continuous with the plasma membrane of the adjacent cell act like tunnels through the cell wall which allow communication with other cells

Plasmodesmata

an endomembrane derived structure of the plasmodesmata that connects the endoplasmic reticulum of two adjacent plant cells

Desmotubule

Main difference between Plasmodesmata and desmotubule

Plasmodesmata is composed of cytoplasm, Desmotubule is a tube of compressed ER connecting to adjacent ERs

thin portions of the primary wall which are traversed by a cluster of plasmodesmata

Primary pit fields or Primordial pits

“unthickened” areas in the secondary cell wall that act as channels for transport between cells with secondary walls

Pits

the hollow area where the secondary cell wall is absent

Pit Cavity

pits of two neighboring cells are found opposite to each other

Pit Pairs

opening at either end of the pit chamber opening to the inside of the cell

pit aperture

pit cavities of a pit pair are separated by a ___ ________ composed of the middle lamellae and the primary walls of the 2 cells

Pit Membrane

2 Types of Pits

Simple and Bordered

Occur in all vascular plants Form a channel through secondary wall of neighboring cells Middle lamella blocks the channel but is perforated by plasmodesmata Form and size of the opening varies

Simple Pits

The secondary walls arch over the pit cavity The pith chamber is the part of the pith cavity formed by overarching of the secondary wall Middle lamellae and the primary walls are thickened (torus)

Bordered PIts

part of the pit cavity formed by overarching of the secondary wall

Pit Chamber

the pit membrane (primary wall and middle lamella) is separated into two parts: a thick impermeable _____ at the center and the permeable _____ surrounding it

Torus; Margo

Differentiate the functions of torus from margo as bordered pits.

Torus regulates the functions of the bordered pit while margo supports it. If the torus is the gate, the margo is the hinge that lets it open or close.

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