Module 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of Mature Seed (3)
A
Seed Coat
Cotyledon(s)
Embryonic Axis
2
Q
Parts of the Embryonic Axis (3)
A
Plumule
Radicle
Hypocotyl
3
Q
Rudimentary leaf of the embryo of the seed plant that could either remain or emerge upon germination
A
Cotyledon
4
Q
Protective outer covering of a seed
- Derived from outer integument of the ovule
- Smooth, thick and impermeable
- Brownish in color
- Plays a role in seed dormancy
A
Testa (Endo- and Exo-)
5
Q
Protective inner layer of the seed
- Derived from inner integument of the ovule
- Thin and membranous
- White or hyaline in color
- Protects embryo from dehydration and mechanical damage
A
Tegmen (Endo- and Exo-)
6
Q
Part of the embryonic axis that projects above the cotyledon
A
Epicotyl
7
Q
Portion between cotyledon and radicle
A
Hypocotyl
8
Q
Composed of epicotyl, young leaves, and SAM
A
Plumule
9
Q
Embryonic Root
A
Radicle
10
Q
Food reserve in monocots
A
Endosperm, absorbed by the scutellum (single cotyledon)
11
Q
Main differences of non-endospermic seed from endospermic seed (4)
A
- Absent endosperm
- Food stored in cotyledons
- Thick and fleshy cotyledons
- Perisperm form nucellus
12
Q
Sum of events that begins with hydration of the seed and culminate in emergence of the embryonic axis (usually the radicle) from the seed coat
A
Seed Germination
13
Q
Two types of germination
A
Epigeal and Hypogeal
14
Q
Characteristics of Epigeal Germination (2)
A
- Cotyledons emerge form soil w/ plumule
- Hypocotyl Elongates and forms hook for foliage expansion
15
Q
Characteristics of Hypogeal Germination (2)
A
- Cotyledons remain in soil
- Epicotyl elongates pushing plumule out to form hook with plumule pointing downward
16
Q
2 sheaths enclosing the embryo and their funcitons
A
Coleorhiza - Covers the radicle
Coleoptile - Covers the shoot
17
Q
2 main types of root systems
A
Tap root and Fibrous
18
Q
Taproots are defined by
A
Large downward vertical primary root from which secondary roots arise
19
Q
Fibrous roots are:
A
Also called adventitious roots
Located close to soil surface
Dense network of roots
In areas with abundant water
20
Q
True or False: A plant can both be fibrous and tap
A
True.
21
Q
Types of root modifications based on physiological functions (8)
A
Storage
Aerial
Assimilatory
Reproductive
Respiratory
Epiphytic
Saprophytic
Parasitic
22
Q
Type of root based on mechanical functions (7)
A
Prop
Stilts
Buttress
Climbing
Contractile
Floating
Root-thorns
23
Q
Type of root present in mangroves, allows for gas exchange
A
Pneumatophores, Stilts
24
Q
Types of storage tap root (4)
A
Conical
Fusiform
Napiform
Tuberous
25
Thicker at upper side and tapers at basal end, cone-like.
Ex. Carrot, give scientific name
Conical enlarged tap root
Daucus carota
26
Tapers at both ends
Ex. Radish/Labanos, give scientific name
Fusiform Enlarged tap root
Raphanus sativus
27
Swollen and spherical at upper end and tapering to thread like at lower end
Ex. Turnip/singkamas and sugar beets, give scientific names
Napiform Enlarged taproot
Turnip/Singkamas: Brassica rapa
Sugar Beet: Beta vulgaris
28
Do not have regular
shape; swollen and fleshy at any portion of roots
Ex. Four-o-clock flower, give scientific name
Tuberous enlarged taproot
Mirabilis jalapa
29
Types of Adventitious Storage roots (6)
Tuberous
Fasciculated
Nodulose
Moniliform
Annulated
Palmated
30
Do not have definite
shape and occurs singly swollen to store food; presence of pencil root
Ex. Sweet Potato, give scientific name
Tuberous Adventitious Roots
Ipomoea batatas
31
Arising in cluster
from the base of the stem
Ex. Dahlia, Cassava/Kamoteng-kahoy, Asparagus,
give scientific name of cassava and asparagus
Fasciculated Adventitious Roots
Manihot esculenta
Asparagus officinalis
32
Swollen at tips commonly in legumes, shelter N-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)
ex. Mango ginger, give scientific name
Nodulated adventitious roots
Curcuma amanda (Mukhang luya shape na parang gagamba na may matatabang legs)
33
Swollen at frequent intervals
Ex. Purple yams/Ube and Ampalaya, give scientific name of both
Moniliform or beaded adventitious roots
Dioscorea alata
Momordica
34
Yields emetine that
looks like discs placed one above another
Annulated Adventitious roots
35
In Orchis there is a pair of succulent tuberous root, one of which perishes every year while another new one is formed by its side.
Such orchid roots may sometimes be of palmate shape
Palmate adventitious roots
36
Adventitious roots for Mechanical Support (7)
Prop
Stilt
Climbing
Buttress
Floating
Contractile
Root thorns
37
Arising from horizontal aerial branches of trees
Provide support to the spreading branches of the tree
Hygroscopic when young
Possess root caps at their apices
Grow vertically downward penetrating the soil
Become thick and assume the shape of pillars
Prop roots
ex. balete tree (Ficus stipulosa)
38
Aerial adventitious obliquely growing roots from the lower nodes of the stem
Stilt roots
ex. Pandan tree (Pandanus sp.)
39
Special type of stilt roots in mangrove provides aeration through this structure
Lenticels
40
Differentiate stilt from pneumatophore roots
Stilt: Attachment point of all roots above water
Pneumatophore: Roots go under and then spike back up
41
arise from the nodes or internodes of weak stemmed plants to climb up their support
Can be tendrillar or clinging
Climbing roots
42
Differentiate tendrillar from clinging
Tendrillar Single at each node
Clinging (short branched, adventitious roots arise from each node
43
Horizontal plank aerial roots that develop at the base of the stem on the soil surface
Buttress/Ballast
44
store air, become inflated and spongy, project above the level of water, make the plant light and function as floats
Floating Roots
45
Plants with underground stems contract or swell so that the aerial shoots are kept in a proper depth in the soil
Contractile/Pull roots
46
the adventitious roots become hard and pointed
Root thorns
47
Types of adventitious roots for vital function (5)
Epiphytic
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Photosynthetic
Reproductive
48
Hang freely in the air and absorb moisture with the aid of special sponge tissue “velamen” – a modification of epidermis
Also called hygroscopic roots, hanging roots
Epiphytic roots
49
Depend on another plant partially or totally for their food material
Roots penetrate into the host tissues to absorb nourishment
Parasitic/Haustorial Roots
50
Appear as swollen
tissue at a contact point between parasite and host
Haustoria
51
Has fungal hyphae helping increase the surface area of plant host for absorption of water and minerals while the host plant provide organic food for the fungi.
Saprophytic/Mycorrhizal roots
52
Capable of photosynthesis
The entire plant is represented by thin, green, ribbon-like
roots that contain velamen
Absorb moisture from the air
Photosynthetic/Assimilatory roots
53
Some fleshy adventitious root develop buds which can grow into new plants
Serve as means of vegetative propagation
ex. Ipomoea batatas
Reproductive roots
54
Usually erect, vertical, supporting leaves and flowers
Stem
55
Main stem modifications based on position (3)
Aerial
Sub-aerial
Underground
56
Main stem modifications based on function (3)
storage
photosynthesis
reproduction
57
Underground stems resemble roots but can be distinguishable by 3 main characteristics:
1. Presence of nodes and internodes
2. Presence of scale leaves, buds and adventitious roots
at the nodes
3. An internal structure
resembles that of aerial stem
58
Swollen tips of underground lateral stems (rhizomes) or
branches for food storage and vegetative reproduction
Tuber
Ex. Solanum Tuberosum
59
T or F: Eyes of potato are small depressions that are actually its nodes
True
60
Types of underground stem modification (4)
Bulb
Corm
Rhizome
Tuber
61
Fleshy, non-green underground stem with distinct nodes and internodes
The lines are nodes, the area in between the lines are the
internodes
For food storage and reproduction
Rhizome
Ex. Zingiber officinale
62
Short, swollen unbranched fleshy stem growing vertically in the soil
More or less spherical with a flattered base
Has distinct circular nodes and internodes
For food storage and vegetative reproduction
Corm
Ex. Colocasia esculenta
63
Has highly condensed discoid stem (basal plate)
Many fleshy scale leaves
Adventitious roots emerge from base
Bulb
Ex. Alliums (cepa and sativum)
64
A _______ bulb is covered by a sheath of dry membranous scale leaves called _____, e.g., onion and garlic.
Tunicated; tunic
65
Types of sub-aerial modification (4)
Runner
Stolon
Sucker
Offset
66
Characteristics of sub-aerial stems
Stem is partly aerial
and partly underground
Short branches and
adventitious roots
develop at the nodes
Vegetative propagation
67
Roots are developed at lower side and leaves from upper side from node
After sometime, their growing apical region comes out from
the soil.
Creeping stem with long internodes
Stolon/runner
Ex. Grass
68
Differentiate stolon and rhizome
Stolon above ground
Rhizome underground
69
Individuals in a group of clones
Ramets
70
Main stem grow in the soil but branches develop from nodes above the soil
Suckers
Ex. Ananas comosus (Pineapple)
71
Generally, aquatic plants which have fragile stem
Runner with one internode long
Originates from leaf axil
Grows as a short horizontal branch produces a rosette of leaves above and adventitious roots below
vegetative reproduction
Offset
Ex. Eichornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth)
72
Perform special functions like climbing, protection, storage, and vegetative propagation
Aerial stem modifications
73
Aerial stem modifications (4)
Phylloclade/Cladode
Thorns
Bulbil
Tendril
74
Green thread-like leafless structures meant for climbing
Can be branched or unbranched
Scale leaf always present at point of branching
Stem tendrils
75
4 types of stem tendrils
Axillary
Extra-axillary
Leaf-opposed/Apical bud tendrils
Floral bud/Inflorescence tendrils
76
Tendrils immediately branching from stem
Axillary
77
Tendrils immediately branching from other tendrils
Extra-axillary
78
Tendrils branching opposite of leaves
Leaf-opposed/apical bud
79
Tendrils branching with flowers
Floral bud or inflorescence tendrils
80
Straight, pointed, hard or woody structures sometimes with leaves, flowers or branches
For defense or climbing
Stem thorns
81
Stem and/or branches are modified to function like leaves
Phylloclade or cladodes
82
Differentiate phylloclade and cladodes
Phylloclade: Stem and branches, can be multiple internodes in length, unlimited growth, caducous
Cladodes: Stems, generally one internode long, limited growth, leaves reduced to scales or spines
83
Modified vegetative or floral buds with stored food
For vegetative propagation (they all off and become new plants)
Bulbils
84
Usually green, with a wide, flat lamina/blade develop at the nodes of the stem
Leaf
85
Major leaf modifications (10)
Spines
Hooks
Leaf traps
Storage
Bulbous petiole
Reproductive
Tendrils
Bracts
Phyllode
Pseudostem
86
In most xerophytes like Opuntia, the leaves are reduced to ______
and the stem is modified into storage parts that store water for the plants
Spines
87
Terminal leaflets are modified into claw-like curved hooks for helping the plant in climbing
Leaf hooks
88
3 types of plant traps
Leaf bladder
Leaf pitcher
Leaf tentacles
89
Submerged leaves are modified into utricles lined by digestive glands to trap insects
Found in Utricularia
Leaf bladder
90
Modification of plants that grow in nitrogen deficient places
Adapted to catch and digest insects to fulfill
the plant’s nitrogen requirement
passive traps of the Nepenthes plants
Leaf Pitcher
91
T/F: Leaf is the lid of the pitcher while modified leaf apex narrows into a tendril that transforms into the pitcher
F, baliktad.
92
Spine-like hairs each with a sticky globule at its tip that wrap around an insect completely
Leaf tentacles
93
Fleshy leaves
that serve as a storage for water and reserve materials
Storage leaves
94
Field with air to help plants float on water
Swollen bulbous petiole
94
Characterized by adventitious buds growing along margins of the leaf
Reproductive leaves
94
Leaf bases expand into sheaths rolled over one another forming the __________.
Pseudostem
95
flattened or winged petiole or rachis, becoming leaf-like and green
Phyllode
95
Leaves that help support flowers
Bracts
96
Flower with a bract is described as __________.
Flower w/o bract is known as _________
Bracteate; Ebracteate
97
7 types of bracts
Foliaceous
Spathe
Petaloid
Involucre
Epicalyx
Scaly
Glumes
98
Leaf like, expanded green bract is called the __________ bract.
Foliaceous
99
A large modified bract which encloses spadix inflorescence totally or partially. It may be leathery or woody,
Spathe
100
One or two whorls of green bracts that protect young inflorescence is called _________.
Involucre
101
Modified leaf or scale with a flower or flower cluster in its axil, larger and more brightly colored than the
true flower. Help for pollination
Petaloid bract
102
Whorl of bracteoles present below the calyx or outside the calyx
Epicalyx
103
Reduced, membranous, scale like bracts seen in head inflorescence
Scaly
104
The bracts found on the rachilla of spikelet are called ______.
Glumes
105
6 types of leaf tendrils
Whole leaf
Leaflet
Terminal leaflets
Leaf apex
Petiolar
Stipular
106
Entire leaf is modified into a tendril
Whole leaf
107
Upper leaflets modified into tendrils
Leaflet
108
Leaf tip modified into tendril
Leaf apex
109
Petiole modified into tendril
Petiolar
110
Stipule modified into tendril
Stipular
