Module 5 Flashcards by JUN ANTHONY BELLO

The study of disease, especially structural and functional changes that result from disease process.

Pathology

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The study of relationships between the various factors that determine the frequency and distribution of diseases.

Epidemiology

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A disease that is caused by a pathogen

Infectious Disease

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If the infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another

Communicable Disease

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A communicable disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another

Contagious Disease

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Infectious Disease that humans acquire from animal sources

Zoonotic Disease

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Number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

Incidence of a Particular Disease

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The number of new cases of a particular disease that occured during a specified time period per a specifically defined population

Morbidity Rate

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Identify the type of Prevalence

The number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

Period Prevalence

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Identify the type of Prevalence

the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

Point Prevalence

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The ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during specified time period per a specified population

Mortality Rate

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It occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area

Sporadic Disease

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A disease that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area

Endemic Disease

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A disease occuring in a higher than usual number of cases in a population during a given time interval

Epidemic Disease

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A disease that is occuring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously - sometimes worldwide

Pandemic Disease

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Identify 3

Factors pertaining to the pathogen

Virulence of the pathogen
way for the pathogen to enter the body
number of organisms that enter the body

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The person who may become infected

Host

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Identify 3

Factors pertaining to the Host

Health Status
Nutritional Status
Other factors pertaining to the succeptibility of the host

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Give 4

Factors pertaining to the environment

Physical Factors
Availability of appropriate reservoirs
Sanitary and housing conditions
Availability of potable water

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Give 6

Components in the Infectious Disease Process

There must be a pathogen
There must be a source of pathogen
There must be a portal of exit
There must be a mode of transmission
There must be a portal of entry
There must be a susceptible host

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Any site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host. It could be a living host or inanimate objects or materials.

Reservoir

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A person who is colonized with a particular pathogen but the pathogen is not currently causing disase in that person

Carrier

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Identify which type of Carrier

Carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease

Passive Carrier

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Identify which type of Carrier

A person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease

Incubatory Carrier

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# Identify which type of Carrier Harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease

Convalescent Carrier

# Identify which type of Carrier Have completely recovered from the disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

Active Carrier

# Give 5 Non-living Reservoirs

1. Air 2. Dust 3. Food and Milk 4. Water 5. Fomites

# Give 7 Ways how infectious diseases are transmitted from person-person

1. Direct skin to skin contact 2. Direct mucous membrane to mucous membrane contact 3. Indirectly by airborne droplets of respiratory secretions 4. Indirectly by contamination of food and water by fecal material 5. Indirectly by arthropod vector 6. Indirectly by fomites that become contaminated by respiratory secretions, blood, urine, feces, vomitus or exudates from hospotalized patients 7. Indirectly by transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products from an ill person by a parenteral injection

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Chickepox, colds, influenza, measles, staph and streph infections | also identify the route of Exit

skin discharge -> air -> respiratory tract | route of exit: Skin

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Impetigo, eczema, boils, warts, syphilis | also identify the route of exit

Skin to skin | route of exit: skin

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Colds, influenza, pneumonia, mumps, measles, chickenpox, tuberculosisa | also identify the route of exit

* Aerosol drop inhalation * Nose or mouth - > hand or object - > nose | route od exit: Respiratory

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Gastroenteritis, hepatitis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, typhoid fever, cholera, giardasis, amoebiasis | also identify thr route of exit

* Feces - > hand -> Mouth * Stool -> soil, food * Water - > Mouth | Route of exit: Gastorintestinal

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Herpes, cold sore, infectious monocleosis, strep throat | Also identify the route of exit

Direct Salivary transfer | Route of Exit: Salivary

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Gonorrhea, herpes, Chlamydia infection, Cytomegalovirus infection, AIDS, syphilis, wartsa | also identify the route of exit

* Urethral of cervical secretions * Semen | Route of exit: Genital Secretions

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus infection, malaria, AIDS, Malaria relapsing fever | also identify the route of exit

* Transfusion of needlestick injury * insect bite | route of exit: blood

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Rabies | Also identify the route of exit

Animal bite | route of exit: Zoonotic

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Tuleramia, anthrax | Also identify the route of exit

Contact with animal carcasses | Route of exit: Zoonotic

# Identify the route of transmission or entry of this disease Rocky mountain spotted fever, Lyme Disease, typhus, viral encephalitis, yellow fever, malaria, plague

Arthropod

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Comphylobacter jejuni (bacterium)

Chickens

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoan)

Drinking Water

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Cyclospora cayetanesis (protozoan)

Drinking Water, raspberries

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases E. coli O15:H7 (bacterium)

Meats, produce contaminated by manure in growing fields (e.g. sprouts), drinking water

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Giardia lamblia (aka Giardia intestinalis) (protozoan)

Drinking water

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Listeria monocytogenes (bacterium)

Soft cheese and deli meats

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Salmoella enteriditis (bacterium)

Eggs

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Slamonella typhimurium DT-104 (bacterium)

Unspaturized milk

# Identify the vehicle for the following Diseases Shigella spp. (bacteria)

Drinking water

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Avian Influenza | pathogen: an influezna virus

Birds

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Equine Encephalitis | pathogen: Various arboviruses

Birds, small mammals

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | Pathogen: Hantaviruses

Rodents

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Lassa Fever | pathogen: Lassa Virus

Wild rodents

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Marburg Disease | pathogen: Marburg virus

Monkeys

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Rabies | Pathogen: rabies virus

Rabid dogs, cats, skunks, foxes, wolves, racoonds, coyotes, bats

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease Yellow fever | pathogen: yellow fever virus

Monkeys

# Identify the Animal reservoir from this viral disease West nile virus encephalitis | pathogen: west nile virus

Birds

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Anthrax

Cattle, sheep, goats | pathogen: Baciillus anthracis

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Bovine tuberculosis

Cattle | Pathogn: Myobacterium bovis

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Brucellosis

Cattle, swine, goats | Pathogen: Brucella spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Comphylobacter infection

Wild mammals, cattle, sheep, pets | Pathogen: Compylobacter spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Cat-scratch disease

Domestic cats | pathogen: Bartonella henselae

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Ehrlichiosis

Deer, mice | Pathogen: Ehrlichia spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Endemic typhus

Rodents | pathogens: Rickettsia typhi

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Leptospirosis

Cattle, rodents, dogs | Pathogen: Leptospira spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Lyme disease

Deer, rodents | Pathogen: Borrelia burgdoferi

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Pasteurollosis

Oral cavities of animals | Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Plague

Rodents | Pathogen: Yersinia pestis

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Psittacosis (ornithosis, parrot fever)

Parrots, parakeets, other per birds, pigeons, poultry | Pathogen: Chlamydophila psittaci

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Relpasing fever

Rodents | pathogen: Borrelia spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Rickettsia pox

Rodents | pathogen: Rickettsia akari

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Rocky mountain spotted fever

Rodents, dogs | pathogen: Rickettsia rickettsii

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Salmonellosis

Poultry, livestock, reptiles | pathogen: Salmonella spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Scrub typhus

Rodents | Pathogen: Orientia tsutsugamushi

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Tularemia

Wild mammals | Pathogen: Francisella tularensis

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (bacterial diseases) Q fever

Cattle, sheep, goats | Pathogen: Coxiella burnetii

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (fungal diseases) Tinea (ringworm) infections

Various animals including dogs | Pathogen: dermatophytes

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (protozoal diseases) African trypanosomiasis

Cattle, wild game animals | Pathogen: subspecies of trypanosoma bruccei ## Footnote mode of transmission: tsetse fly bite

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (protozoal diseases) American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease)

Numerous wild and domestic animals, including dogs, cats, wild rodents | Pathogen: Trypanosoma cruzi

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (protozoal diseases) Babesiosis

Babesia microti | pathogen: Deer, mice, voles

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (protozoal diseases) Leishmaniasis

Rodents, dogs | Pathogen: Leishmania spp.

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (protozoal diseases) Toxoplasmosis

Cats, pigs, sheep, rarely cattle | Pathigen: Toxoplasma gondii ## Footnote mode of transmission: ingestion of oocysts in cat feces or cysts in raw or underooked meat

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (helminth diseases) Echinococcosis (hyatid disease)

Dogs | Pathogen: Echinococcus granulosis ## Footnote mode of transmission: ingestion of eggs

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (helminth diseases) Dog tapeworm infection

Dogs, cats | Pathogen: Dipylidium caninum

# Identify the animal reservoir and pathogen (helminth diseases) Rat tapeworm infection

Rodents | pathogen: Hymenolepsis diminuta

# Give 2 categories of acquiring infectious disease

1. Nosocomial Infection (Hospital-acquired infection) 2. Community-acquired infection (acquired outside heatlhcare facilities)

# Give 2 types of pathogens most often involved in nosocomial

1. Gram positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Enterococcus spp.) 2. Gram negative bacilli (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp.

# Give 4 Common types of Nosocomial infections

1. Urinary Tract Infection 2. Surgical wound infections (postsrugical wounds infections) 3. Lower respiratory tract infections (primary pnuemonia) 4. Bloodstream infection (septicemia)

# Give 7 types of patients most likely to develop Nosocomial Infections

1. Elderly Patients 2. Women in labor and delivery 3. Premature infants and newborns 4. Surgical and burn patients 5. Patients recovering treatment with steroids, anticancer drugs, antilymphocyte serum, and radiation 6. Immunosuppressed patients 7. Patients who are paralyzed or are undergoing renal dialysis or catherization

# Give 3 Major Factors contributing to Nosocomial infections

1. An eye-increasing number of drug resistant pathogen 2. The failure of healthcare personnel to follow infection control guidelines 3. An increased number of immunocompromised patients

* Any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or imparied * Physiscal injuries or disabilities are not classified as this, but there can be several causes for disease, including pathogen, genetics, noninfectious environmental causes, or inappropriate immune responses.

Disease

Colonization by a pathogen

Infection

# Give 4 Vital signs and normal values

1. Body Temperature (37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F) 2. Heart Rate (60-100 bpm) 3. Breathing rate (18-20 breathes per minute) 4. Blood pressure (between 90/60 - 120/80 mm Hg)

The presence of _ in a patient's serum can be observed and measured through blood tests and, therefore, can be considered as a sign.

Antibodies

# True of False Antibodies may develop in response to a pathogen that is in the body even tho it isnt causing a disease

True

# True or False Symptoms of diseases are subjective

True

Clinicians use this to ask their patients to rate their pain on a scale of 0-10

Wong-Baker Faces pain-rating scale

A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristics of a particular disease is called a ___________

Syndrome

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix cyto-

cell | cytopenia: reduction in the number of blood cells

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix hepat-

of the liver | Hepatitis: inflamation of liver

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -pathy

diseaese | neuropathy: a disease affecting nerves

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -emia

-of the blood | bacteraemia: presense of the bacteria in the blood

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -itis

inflamation | colitis: infmation of the colon

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -lysis

destruction | hemolysis: destruction of red blood cells

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -oma

tumour | lymphoma: cancer of the lymphatic system

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -osis

diseased or abnormal condition | leukocytosis - abnormally high number of WBC

# Give the meaning of the following nomenclature affix -derma

of the skin | Keratoderma: a thickening of the skin

# True of False Not all contagious disease are equally so; the degree to which a disease is contagious usually depends on how the pathogen is transmitted

True

Diseases that are contracted as a result of a medial procedure are known as _________

iatrogenic diseases

What is the causative agent for necrotizing fasciitis (an aggressive, "flesh-eating" disease)?

Clostridium perfringens

An example of disease that once infected, an individual cannot pass the pathogen to other individulas. | Also give the casusative agent

Legionnaires Disease | Legionella pnuemophila

* An important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide * can be caused by a wide variety of factors, including genetics, the environment, or immune system dysfunction

Noninfectious Disease

# Give 7 Types of Noninfectious disease

1. Inherited 2. Congenital 3. Degenerative 4. Nutritional deficiency 5. Endocrine 6. Neoplastic 7. Idiopathic

* Occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host (patient) * It is during this time the pathogen begins multiplying in the host

Incubation period

* Occurs after the incubation period * During this phase, the pathogen continues to multiply and the host begins to experience general signs and symptoms of illness, which typically result from activation of the immune system, such as fever, pain, soreness, swelling, or inflamation.

Prodromal Period

* During which, the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe * Communicable diseases are most easily transmitted during this period

Period of illness

* The number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline

Period of decline

The patient generally returns to normal function, although some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the body cannot fully repair

Period of Convalescence

Pathologic changes occur over a relatively short time (e.g., hours, days, or a few weeks) and involve a rapid onset of disease conditions.

Acute Disease

Pathologic changes can occur over longer time spans (e.g., month, years, or a lifetime)

Chronic Disease

The casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication

Latent Disease

The sequence of steps in the disease process caused by pathogenic microbes

Pathogenesis

# give 4 stages of Pathogenesis

1. exposure (contact) 2. adhesion 3. invasion 4. infection

An encoucnter with a potential pathogen is known as

Exposure or Contact

An anatomic site through which pathogens can pass into host tissue is called

Portal of Entry

Refers to the capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors, and different pathogens use various mechanisms to adhere to the cells of the host tissue

Adhesion

It involves the dissemenation of a pathogen throughout local tissues or the body

Invasion

Following invasion, successful multiplication of the pathogen leads to ____. It can be described as local, focal or systemic, depending on its extent.

Infection

A localized pathogen, or the toxins it produce, can spread to a secondary location

Focal Infection

When an infection becomes disseminated throughout the body

Systemic Infection

# True or False Some secondary infections can even develop as a result of treatment for a primary infection

True

* It is described as an ability of an organisms to infect the host and cause disease * It is a pathogen's or microorganisms' ability to cause damage to a host.

Virulence

The pathogenecity of an organism, its ability to cause disease is determined by its ________

Virulence Factors

Viruses use ____ to facilitate adhesion to host cells.

Adhesins

Certain enveloped viruses rely on ________ to avoid the host immune defenses

antigenic variation

AKA preferential targeting -- is defined by the interaction of viral adhesins of viruses with specific cell receptors for specific cells, tissues , and organs in the body

Tropism

Adhesin for Influenza Virus | and where does it attached?

Spike protein Hemagglutinin | attached to siacilic acid of respiratory and intestinal cells

Adhesin for Herpes simplex virus I or II | and where does it attached?

Glycoproteins gB, gC, gD | attached to Heparan sulfate on mucosal surfaces of mouth & genitals

Adhesin for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | and where does it attached?

Glycoprotein gp120 | attached to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 or immune system cells

It is the result of point mutations causing slight changes in the spike hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

Antigenic Drift

It is a major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment.

Antigenic shift

# Virulence Factors that assist the Bacterium colonize host at cell level Facilitate the bacterium to undergo quick adaptive - metabolic, physiological and morphological shifts

Cystolic Factors

# Virulence Factors that assist the Bacterium colonize host at cell level Aid the bacterium in adhesions and evasion of the host cell

Membrane Associated Virulence Factors

# Virulence Factors that assist the Bacterium colonize host at cell level Important components of bacterial armoury which help the bacterium wade through the innate and adaptive immune response mounted within the host. In extracellular pathogens it acts as synergistically to kill the host cell.

Secretory Factors

# Virulence Factor - Bacterial Structure Enable bacteria to gain access to anatomic areas that nonmotile bacteria cannot reach; may enable bacteria to "escape" from phagocytes

Flagella

# Virulence Factor - Bacterial Structure Serve an antiphagocytic function

Capsules

# Virulence Factor - Bacterial Structure Enable bacteria to attach to surfaces

Pili

# Virulence Factor - Enzymes Enables bacteria to produce clots within which to "hide"

Coagulase

# Virulence Factor - Enzymes Enable bacteria to dissolve clots

Kinases

# Virulence Factor - Enzymes Dissolve hyaluronic acid, enabling bacteria to penetrate deeper into tissues

Hyaluronidase

# Virulence Factor - Enzymes Destroys Cell Membranes

Lecithinase

# Virulence Factor - Enzymes Cause massive destruction of tissues

Necrotizing enzymes

# Virulence Factor - Toxins Release from the cell walls of Gram-Negative bacteria - causes fever and septic shock

Endotoxin

# Virulence Factor - Toxins Cause damage to the central nervous system; tetanospasmin and botulinal toxin are examples

Neurotoxins

# Virulence Factor - Toxins Cause gastrointestinal disease

Enterotoxins

# Virulence Factor - Toxins The cytotoxin that causes pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium defficile toxin B

# Virulence Factor - Toxins The toxin that causes most cases of toxic shock syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus TSST-1

# Virulence Factor - Toxins cause the destruction of leukocytes

Leukocidins

# Virulence Factor - Toxins Produced by some strains of S. aureus; causes scalded skin syndrome

Exfoliative toxin

# Virulence Factor - Toxins Produced by some strains of Streptococus pyogenes; causes scarlet fever

Erythrogenic Toxin

# Virulence Factor - Toxins Produced by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae; causes diptheria

Diphtheria Toxin

# Give 3 layers of immune system

1. Barrier immunity 2. Innate Immunity 3. Acquired Immunity

main Organ involved in barrier immunity

Skin

Immunity that are already present before birth

Innate Immunity

# Give 8 Cells of Innate Immunity

1. Neutrophils 2. Mast Cells 3. Basophils 4. Dendritic Cells 5. Eosinophils 6. Monocytes 7. Macrophage 8. Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Most abundant of immune cells. Usually first cell to responds to infection.

Neutrophils

2 lobed nucleus immune cell. They fight multicellular parasites and some bacteria. Alos responsible for various allergies like asthma

Eosinophil

Least common of all WBC's and have important role in fighting parasitic infections. Also have role in blood clotting. Granules also contain heparin that is important in allergic reaction

Basophils

It resides in connective tissue and mucous membranes. Plays role in wound healing and microbial defense. Involved in serious allergic reaction.

Mast Cells

Large eaters. Can migrate from blood to tissue spaces for invading pathogens.

Macrophage

have branch like structures and located in tissues in contact with external environment. It a type of antigen presenting cell.

Dendritic cell

They do not attack microbes instead they kill our own defective cells like tumour cells and virally infeted cells.

Natural Killer Cells

type of immunity that is Not present since birth. It develops in response to an infection.

Adaptive or Acquired Immunity

# Give 2 Cells of Adaptive immunity

1. B Lymphocytes 2. T Lymphocytes

A type of T Lymphocytes responsibel for fighting and dircetly killing pathogen

Killer T-Cells or CD8

A type of T-Lymphocytes that is responsible in proper functioning of the rest of immune cells.

Helper T-cells or CD4

Cell that is a type of Humoral immunity. It is responsible in producing antibodies.

B-Lymphocytes

It is when a virus is being coated with many antibodies that attarack immune cells to attack the virus

Opsonization

# True or False Innate is slower in terms of response compared to Adaptive immunity.

False