Module 4 Flashcards by JUN ANTHONY BELLO

It referes to the safety of both humans and environment from unintentional release of pathogenic microoganisms and biohazards. It aims to protect the public health and the environment from an accidental exposure to biological agents.

Biosafety

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It is the protection of human and environment from intentional release of biohazards by an individual. It is concerened with the procedure on how to prevent the misuse of pathogenic microoganism, their toxins, and other biological materials, such as releasing them intentionally to the environment.

Biosecurity

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AKA “Germ Warfare”, it is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals, or plants as an act of war.

Biological Warfare

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This formed during standard lab procedures like pipetting, mixing, and centrifuging and poses the greatest potential risk for infection

Aerosols / Bioaerosols

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This is the lowest security level for handling bilogical material. This kind of material poses no or only a low risk to healthy adult humans and presents minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment

Biosafety Level 1

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Identify the Biosfaetly level from this biological Material:

E. coli

BSL 1

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Canine Adenovirus type

BSL 1

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Saccharomyces cerevisae

BSL 1

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Nematodes

BSL 1

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Thi biological material used in this biosafety level consists of bacteria, viruses, and organisms associated with human diseases. The potential pathogenic or infectious organims in this biosafetly level pose a moderate hazard to healthy human adult.

Biosafetyl Level 2

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The main difference in the work procedures followed in a BSL 1 and BSL 2 is that employees will use a ____ as a primary barrier for potentially hazardous aerosols.

Biosafety Cabinet (BSC)

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Identify the Biosfaetly level from this biological Material:

Chlamydia pnuemoniae

BSL 2

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Identify the Biosfaetly level from this biological Material:

Enterobacter spp.

BSL 2

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Herpes Simplex Virus and HIV

BSL 2

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This biosafety level ivolves handling inidgenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal diseases thorugh inhilation and/or poses serious threat to the environment.

Biosafety Level 3

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Identify the Biosfaetly level from this biological Material:

Yersinia pestis

BSL 3

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Identify the Biosfaetly level from this biological Material:

Hepatits A

BSL 3

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West Nile Virus

BSL 3

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This biosafety level entails handling very dangerous and exotic biological material that may cause infection inside the laboratory as the result of aerosols. Biological material also handled at this level relates to existing infectious material where the disease transmission is unknown.

Biosafetly Level 4

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Identify the Biosfaetly level from this biological Material:

Ebola Virus

BSL 4

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Lassa Virus

BSL 4

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Marburg-Virus

BSL 4

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It refers to the control of Microbial growth

Microbial Control

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agent responsible for killing of microorganisms

Bactericidal

“cidal agent”

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agent responsible of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

Bacteriostatic | "static agents"

refers to killing all microbes & viruses. In or on objects. It could be done by physical, checmical or physiochemical

Sterilization

refers to elimination of most harmful organisms and viruses. On inanimate objects. Done checmically.

Disinfection

refers to inhibition of pathogenic microognisms. On living tissues.

Antisepsis

refers to parasite control. Promotion of health or prophylactic application. Use of radiation or microwaves.

Degermination

# r refers to Public health conditions. Clean drinking water. Adequate human waste and sewage treatment and disposal

Sanitation

refers to Free from disease-causing microorganisms. Eliminate infection. Procedure performed under sterile condtion.

Asepsis

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method For inanimate object and materials that can withstand high temperature

Heat | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Inhibiting microbial growth under heat that refers to burning. Used for contaminated materials.

Incineration | Physical

Moist heat inhibits microbial growth through boiling or steaming. Microbes should be autoclave at _______

15 psi, 121.5 degrees C

Dry heat inhibits microbial growth for metals, glassware, powders, oils, waxes. It should be baked in an oven at ___________

160-165 degrees C for 2 hours or 170-180 degrees C for 1 hour.

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method It does not completely inhibit microbial growth

Refregiration | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Inhibition of microbial growth thourhg cold with Crystal formation. It causes cell membrane and cell wall rupture

Slow Freezing | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method It refers to inhibition of microbial growth though cold with the use of liquid nitrogen. It suspends bacterial activities.

Rapid Freezing | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Drying by removal of moisture

Desiccation | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Type of radiation that reduce the number of microorganisms in the air

UV Lamp (Germicidal Lamp) | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Type of radiation that is lethat or cause mutation in microorganisms

X-rays, Gamma and Beta rays | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Cleaning delicate equipment. In hospitals, meidcal clinics. dental clinics

Ultrasonic Wave | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method separation of cells and microbes from liquid or gas. Filters with tiny pore sizes, call microspores

Filtration | Physical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Alteration of the environmental atmosphere. Inhibits microbial growth.

Gaseous Atmosphere | Physical or Chemical

Identify 2 types of Chemical ways in inhibiting microbial growth

1. Disinfectant 2. Gaseous Atmosphere

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method Type of disinfectant that targets and destroy cell membranes

1. Soaps 2. alcohols 3. phenolic compounds | Chemical

# Also identify if it is Physical or Chemical Method 4 Type of Disinfectant that destroys enzymes and structural proteins

1. Halogens 2. Hydrogen Peroxide 3. Salts of heavy metals 4. formaldehyde | Chemical

# List down or identify 5 Factors that determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial procedure

1. Temperature 2. Time 3. Presence of proteins in feces, blood, vomitus, pus 4. Concentration 5. Type of microbes/Number of microbes/Presence of spore

Thermophile maximum growth temperature

113 degree C

Thermophile Optimum Growth Temperature

50-60 degrees C

Thermophile minimum growth temperature

25 degrees C

Mesophiles optimum growth temperature

20-40 degrees C

Psychrophile minimum growth temperature

-5 degrees C

Psychrophile optimum growth temperature

10-20 degrees C

Psychrophiles Maximum growth temperature

30 degrees C

Refers to the time which bacteria take to undergo binary fission

Generation Time

Generation Time for Pseudomona Clostridium sp.

10 mins

Generation Time for E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., V. cholera, Streptococcus sp.

20 mins

Generation Time for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

18-24 hours

refers to the use of chemical in the treatment of diseases or condition

Chemotherapy

refers to any chemical used to treat a disease of condition

Chemotherapeutic Agents

refers to chemically synthesized drugs used to treat infections caused by various microbes

Antimicrobial Agents

refers to drugs produced naturally by certain organimsm to fight infections

Antibiotics

antibiotics derived from staphylococcus / streptococcus

Penicillin | Penicillium

antibiotics derived from Gram positive

Bacitracin | Bacillus subtilis

# Type of antibiotics as to spectrum Targets either gram positive or gram negative bacteria

Narrow-spectrum

# Type of antibiotics as to spectrum Kills gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Broad-Spectrum

# Types of Antibiotics as to Action 1. Chloramphenicol 2. Erythromycin 3. Clindamycin 4. Sulfonamides 5. Trimethoprim 6. Tetracyclines are examples of what Antibiotics?

Bacteriostatic | inhibits the growth of Bacteria

# Type of antibiotics as to Action 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Beta-Lactams 3. Vancomycin 4. Quinolones 5. Rifampin 6. Metronidazole are exapmles of what Antibiotics?

Bactericidal | Kills bacteria

Antiviral agents that are difficult to develop and use

viruses that are produced within host cells

1st Antiviral agent

Azidothymidine (AZT) or Zidovudine

an undesirable effects of antimicrobial agents that refers to multiply-resistant microbes. and drug-resistant bacteria

Superbugs

an undesirable effects of antimicrobial agents that referst to population explosion of microorganisms due to prolonged used of antibiotics

Superinfections

# Also identify part of bacterial cell affected Mechanisims of action of antimicrobial agents that refers to beta-lactam interfering with the linking enzyme. NAM subunits remain unaatached. Cell bursts from osmotic pressure.

Inhibition of Cell wall sysnthesis | Cell Wall

# Also identify part of bacterial cell affected Disruption of the 50s ribosome site. Peptide elongation blocking. tRNA and 30s ribosome binding prevention

Inhibition of protein synthesis | Ribosome

Block the initiation of translation and causes the misreading of mRNA

Aminoglycosides

Block the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome

Tetracyclines

Each interferes with a distinct step of protein synthesis

Streptogramins

Prevents the continuation of protein sysnthesis

Macrolides

Prevents peptide bonds from being formed

Chloramphenicol

Prevents the continuation of protein synthesis

Lincosamides

Interfere with the initiation of protein sysnthesis

Oxazolidinones

# Also identify part of bacterial cell affected Alteration of the cehmical properties of this bacterial part and cause leakage.

Alteration of cell membrane | cell membrane

responsible for the alteration in the chemical properties of the cell membrane in a bacterial cell

Polymyxin B

# Also identify part of bacterial cell affected refers to the inhibition of DNA uncoiling in replication. Inhibition of mRNA transcription

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis | DNA

# Also identify part of bacterial cell affected "Antimetabolite Activity". Inhibition of PABA for folic acid synthesis

Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways | folic acid

# List down 6 Examples of Antibiotics for impairment of sysnthesis of the cell wall

1. Penicillins 2. Cephalosporins 3. Carbapenems 4. Monobactams 5. Glycopeptides 6. Cycloserine

# List down Examples of Antibiotics for impairment of permeability of the cell membrane

1. Polymyxines 2. Antifungal polyene macrolides

# List down Examples of Antibiotics for impairment of synthesis of RNA and DNA

1. Rifamycins 2. Antitumoral antibiotics 3. Fluoroquinolones

# List down Examples of Antibiotics for impairment of protein sysntheis is ribosomes

1. Tetracyclienes 2. Chloromphenicol Macrolides 3. Lincosamides 4. Aminoglycosides 5. Streptogramines

refers to intentional release of biological agents of toxins for the purpose of harming or killing human being, animals or plants with the intent to intimidate or coerce a government or civillian population to further achieec a policitical or social objectives

Bioterrorism

# List down 6 Characteristics of Antibiotics

1. kills or inhibits growth of pathogens 2. causes no damage to the host 3. causes no allergic reaction to hose 4. stable in any form when stored 5. remains in specific tissue 6. kills microorganisms before they mature and become resistant to it