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microbio > Module 1-3 > Flashcards

Module 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

AKA microorganism. Is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular); cell clusters; or multicellular, relatively complex organisms. This is also the dominant life forms on earth found in almost every conceivable environment. They are also essential in sustaining life on this planet.

A

Microbe

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2
Q

Are single-celled organism that lack a nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Are multicellular that include organisms consisting of many cell types performing different kinds of tissue.

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

From the 5 basic groups:

these are typically unicellular, microscpic, prokaryotic, organisms that reproduced by binary fission.

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

From the 5 basic groups:

These are yeasts and molds that are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organism that reproduce by budding

A

Fungi

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6
Q

From the 5 basic groups:

These are typically submicroscopic, acellular infectious particles that can only replicate inside a living host cell

A

Viruses

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7
Q

From the 5 basic groups:

These are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.

A

Protozoa

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8
Q

From the 5 basic groups:

These are typically eukaryotic microorganism that carry out photosynthesis

A

Algae

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8
Q

Identify or list down and determie the focus of study of each item

8 branchecs of Microbiology under Taxonomy

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A
  1. Bacteriology - Study of bacteria
  2. Immunology - study of immune system
  3. Mycology - study of fungi
  4. Nematology - study of nematodes
  5. Parasitology - study of parasites
  6. Phycology - study of algae
  7. Protozoology - study of protozoa
  8. Virology - study of viruses

Pure Microbio under Taxonomy

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8
Q

Is the study of microscpoic organism and it also include s the study of viruses.

A

Microbiology

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9
Q

Identify or list down

7 branches of microbiology under Research

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A
  1. Astromicrobiology
  2. Evolutionary Microbiology
  3. Cellular Microbilogy
  4. Microbial Ecology
  5. Microbilal Physiology
  6. Microbial Genetics
  7. Systems Microbiology

Pure Microbio under research

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10
Q

The study of the origin of life on Earth and the search for extraterestrial life

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Astromicrobiology

Pure Microbio

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11
Q

study of the evolution of microorganisms

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Evolutionary Microbiology

Pure

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12
Q

the study of structure and function of Microbial cells focusing on physiological aspect

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Cellular Microbiology

Pure

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13
Q

study of mathematical modeling of activities of microbilogical systems

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Systems Microbiology

Pure

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14
Q

study that Addreses questions about how organisms adapt to changes in their environment, including bioenergetics, stress, stravation, metabolic challenges, and responses to nutritional variation

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Microbial Physiology

Pure

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15
Q

under Research / Pure Microbiology

study that mainly involves engineered microbes to make hormones, vaccine, antibiotics, and many other useful products for human being

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Microbial Genetics

Pure

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16
Q

study that covers a wide range of topics on the ecology of microorganisms, including culture-independent molecular assesments, that provide new insights to:
1. the structure-function relationships of microorganisms;
2. the impact of in situ conditions on community structure
3. the effect of changes in microbial community composition on ecosystem functions

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Microbial Ecology

Pure

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17
Q

study that covers genetic organization, expression, mutation, and repair in organisms with environmental or practical significance. Application of genetics in Microbiology.

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Molecular Microbiology

Pure

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18
Q

Study of cells in microoganism focusing on the anatomical aspect

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Microbial Cytology

Pure

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19
Q

under sub branches of Pure Microbiology

study that focuses on nomenclature, naming, identifcation, classifaction of microorganisms

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Microbial Taxonomy

Pure

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20
Q

identify or list down

5 sub branches of Micribiology under Applied Research

A
  1. Agricultural Microbiology
  2. Food Microbiology
  3. Medical Microbiology
  4. Microbial Biotechnology
  5. Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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21
Q

scope of microbio that deals in genetic engineering being used in production of transgenic plants and animals. These plants and animals were improved by biotechnology for better production, resistant to environmental fluctuations.

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Agricultural Microbiology

Applied

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22
Q

The study of microorganisms that spoil food. It also includes food pathogens, microbioal ecology of foods, food fermentaion, priobiotics and prebiotics

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Food Microbiology

Applied

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23
Q

the study of Microorganisms responsible for Human Disease

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Medical Microbiology

Applied

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24
Q

Using microbes in industrial practices

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Microbial biotechnology

Applied

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25
Q

the study of microorganisms used in pharmaceutical products

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Applied

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26
Q

focuses on the ecological relationships, such as interactions among organisms, their structure and functional role in an ecosystem, and community-level studies.

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Environmental Microbiology

Applied

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27
Q

under Environmental Microbiology

These are the primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environments (sewage treatment plants)

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

under Environmental Microbiology

In insect pest control, some bacteria are used as bio-pesticides to control insect pests. Give an example species of this bacteria

spell

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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29
Q

under Environmental microbiology

In bioremediation, microbes are used to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes. Some bacterias were used to remove petroleum spill. Give an example species of this bacteria

spell

A

Pseudomonas putida

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30
Q

under Environmental Microbiology

Give the name of 2 scientists who studied soil microbes and their role in the biochemical cycles of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen etc.

A
  1. Winogradsky
  2. Martinus Beijerinck
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31
Q

In 1856, this scientis describe fermentation technology

A

Louis Pasteur

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32
Q

identify or list down

11 examples of food that uses microbes in their production

A
  1. cheese
  2. pickles
  3. sauerkraut
  4. green olives
  5. yogurt
  6. soy sauce
  7. vinegar
  8. bread
  9. beer
  10. wine
  11. alcohol
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33
Q

under clinical and pharmaceutical microbiology

Penicillum notatum or Pencillin was discovered in 1928 by who?

A

Alexander Fleming

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34
Q

Inoculated people with coxpox to protect against smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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35
Q

Who developed rabies vaccine in 1885

A

Louis Pasteur

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36
Q

In 1890 these 2 scientists produced toxoid vaccine against diptheria and tetanus

A
  1. Von Behring
  2. Kitasato
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37
Q

In 1884 this scientist described the role of phagocytic cell in defense

A

Metchnikoff

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38
Q

scope of Microbio where microorganisms are used in Recombinant DNA Technology to manipulate their gene for the production of useful products such as enzymes, hormones, interferonm etc.

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Genetic Engineering

Applied

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39
Q

under Agricultutural Microbiology

term used for transgenic animal or plant that are used as a bioreactor for mass production

A

Molecular farming

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40
Q

Emphasizes the role of microorganisms in geochemical processes in terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, including subsruface, aquafier, and oceanic environments

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

A

Geochemical microbiology

Applied

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41
Q

under Geochemical microbiology

term use for recovery of minerals from low grade ores

A

Bioleaching

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42
Q

During the 16th century, prior to the invention of the microscope, the study of microbiology was pioneered by ____ when he proposed the theory of contagious disease. Give the year as well.

A

Girolamo Fracastoro, 1546

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43
Q

In early 17th century, the debate of ________ began

A

Spontaneous Generation

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44
Q

In 1660’s this person demonstrated that maggots resulted from flies laying eggs on rotting mate and not spontaneous generation.

A

Francesco Redi

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45
Q

He invented the first microscope in 1665. He was the first one to have a close look of a cell but no entirely the features of nucleus and other organlles that are usually found in most living cells.

A

Robert Hooke

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46
Q

In 1674, using a microscope, he witnessed a live cell

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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47
Q

What year did Edward Jenner helped developed a vaccine for smallpox?

A

1798

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48
Q

Between 1740-1776 the debate over Spontaneous Generation continued. These 2 scienctists performed experiments involving spontaneous generation

A
  1. John Needham
  2. Lazzaro Spallanzani
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49
Q

In 1839, he examined the idea of spontaneous generation which eventually led to its disproof. He also discovered the organic nature of yeasts.

A

Theodore Schwann

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50
Q

In 1861 he introduced the terms aerobic and anaerobic in describing the growth of yeast at the outlay of sugar in the presence or absence of oxygen. He is also the father of biotechnology

A

Louis Pasteur

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51
Q

More alcohol was produced in the absence of oxygen when sugar is fermented. What is this phenomenon called?

A

Pasteur Effect

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52
Q

He is the father of bacteriological techniques and in 1876 he published a paper on his work with anthrax. This pointed to a bacterium as the cause of this disease and this validated the germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch

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53
Q

In 1868, he demonstrated that certain rods represented the infectious origin of leprosy. This is the first time that a chronic infectious diseas in human was shown to be related to Bacillus.

A

Armauer Hansen

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54
Q

In 1875, he discussed in the publication of Ueber Bakterien the role of microorganisms in the sequencing of elements in nature. He ais also the first to published an early classification of bacteria using the genus name, Bacillus.

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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55
Q

In 1877, he published a method for fractional sterilization and clarifies the role of heat resistant factors (spore) in putrefaction.

A

John Tyndall

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56
Q

He discovered the process of lactic acid fermentation of milk. His research was conducted using the very first method developed for the isolation of a pure culture of a bacterium.

A

Joseph Lister

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57
Q

In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed ____ of a virulent pathogen, the agent of chicken cholera. He used this work to mean “weakened”.

A

attenuation

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58
Q

In what year did Robert Koch published in his book the bacteriological staining using dye methylene blue and used of agar as a solidfying agent in the preperation of solid media.

A

1881

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59
Q

In 1882 he isolated Myobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis.

A

Robert Koch

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60
Q

the process of staining bacteria (gram stain) with relevant dyes to reveal their structures for the purpose of identification was developed by _______

A

Hans Christian Gram

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61
Q

In 1892, the first eveidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, the virus of tobacco mosaic disease, was given by ____. His work had launched the emergence of virology.

A

Dimitri Ivanowski

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62
Q

In ealry 1900’s ____________ or the necessary requirements for bacterial growth was discovered.

A

Microbial Growth Factor

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63
Q

In 1906, He discovered methane-utilizing and methane producing bacteria. This stucdy supported the claim that methane can be used both carbon souce and energy.

A

N.L. Sohngen

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64
Q

In 1910, he discovered the cure (Salvarsan) for the disease syphilis. In the field of medicine, this was the first specific chemotherapeutic agent for a disease caused by bacterium.

A

Paul Ehrlich

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65
Q

In 1928, he discovered bacterial transformation and this established the foundation of molecular genetics

A

Frederick Griffith

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66
Q

In what year did Alexander Fleming published the effects of penicillin on Gram positive organisms

A

1929

67
Q

In what year this the process of conjugation in bacteria was discovered

A

1946

68
Q

In 1993 the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction was intrduced by ________. This technique is used to produce multiple copies of a segment of a DNA in just a short period of time.

A

Kary Mullis

69
Q

Give 2 types of Cellular Organization in Microbiology

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Eukaryotic
70
Q

the evolutionary relationships between organisms

A

Phylogeny

71
Q

He proposed 3 Domain Classifications in 1977

A

Woese and coworkers

72
Q

It is generally thought that all cells came from common ancestor

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

73
Q

What are the 3-Domain system

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
74
Q

What are the 6-Domain system

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Protista
  4. Plantae
  5. Fungi
  6. Animalia
75
Q

this domain classification contains a membrane-bound nucleus (includes plants, animals, protists and fungi)

identify if it is Eukarotic or Prokaryotic

A

Eukarya

Eukaryotic

76
Q

This domain classification lacks a nucleus and consists of the traditional or “true” bacteria (e.g. most pathogenic forms, E. coli, S. aureus, etc.)

identify if it is Eukarotic or Prokaryotic

A

Eubacteria

Prokaryotic

77
Q

This Domain classification lacks a nucleus and consists of the ectermophiles or “ancient” bacteria (e.g.: methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles)

identify if it is Eukarotic or Prokaryotic

A

Archaea

Prokarotic

78
Q

Give 5 phyla of Archaea

A
  1. Crenarchaeota
  2. Euryarchaeota
  3. Korarchaeota
  4. Nanoarcheaota
  5. Thaumarchaeota
79
Q

under Archaea Phyla

they are aquatic, most if not all are hyperthermophile (grow up to 113 degrees C). It has Genus Sulfolobus that are thermophiles (can live 70-80 degrees C), acidophiles (ph of 2-3), aerobic (heterotrophs) or anaerobic (oxidize sulfur to produce sulfuric acid which is store in granules)

A

Crenarchaeota

80
Q

under Archaea Phyla

Includes, Methanobacteria, methanococci and Methanomicrobia. Generally described as methanogens. Also includes class Halobacteria or salt-loving archaea

A

Euryarchaeota

81
Q

Round shape eubacteria

A

coccus/cocci

82
Q

Rod-shaped eubacteria

A

Bacillus/Bacilli

83
Q

Comma-shaped Eubacteria

A

Vibrio

84
Q

Sprial Shaped Eubacteria

A

spirilla/spirochete

85
Q

cocci in pairs

A

Diploccocus

86
Q

cocci in chains is called

A

Streptococcus

87
Q

rods in chains

A

Streptobacillus

Gram-Negative

88
Q

round to rod shaped/oval

A

Coccobacillus

89
Q

bacterial forms in clusters

A

Staphylo-

90
Q

A non cellular agent consisting of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material that may be a DNA or RNA

A

Viruses

91
Q

True or False?

Colonization begins during birth and immediately after birth.

A

True

92
Q

True or False?

The initial microbial population is greatly influenced by the type of delivery, whether by normal or Caesarian operation.

A

True

93
Q

capable of surviving extreme environmental conditions such as extreme climates, temperature, conditions, ph and even under radiation.

A

Extremophile archaea

94
Q

produce thermostanle DNA polymerase which are use in polymerase chain reaction for their ability to withstand high temperature.

A

Pyrococcus furiosus

95
Q

Pyrococcus species produce ____ and ____ which are used in food industry for their abilty to witthstand high temperatures

A

amylases and galactosidases

96
Q

Are uniquitous and are used for their production of amino acids and other nutrients.

A

Corynebacteria

97
Q

Trur or False

Xanthomonas are used in steroid conversion which is important in the development of pharmaceuticals

A

False

Corynebacteria are used in steroid conversion

98
Q

bacteria that produce the amino acid glutamic acid which is an additive in food industry. It is more popularyly known as monosodium glutamate (MSG)

A

Corynebacterium glutamicum

99
Q

used in degradation of hydrocarbons, which makes them useful in biodegradation of plastic and oil hydrocarbons, and other toxic environment contaminants

A

Corynebacteria

100
Q

Xanthomonas is a type of ________, that is known pathogen in plants

A

Proteobacteria

101
Q

This species produce an acidic expolysaccharide commonly marketed as xanthan gum, used as thickening and stabilizing agent in foods and in cosmetic ingredients to prevent separation.

A

Xanthomonas

102
Q

is a genus of fungi used in production of alcoholic bevarages and pharmaceutical development

A

Aspergillus

103
Q

this species of bacteria is most commonly used to produce citric acid, which is uded in numerous products ranging from household cleaners, pharmaceutical, foods, cosmetics, photography, and construction.

A

Aspergillus niger

104
Q

identify or list down

Give 3 molecular products of Microbes

A
  1. Restriction Enzyme (RE)
  2. Taq polymerase
  3. DNA ligase
105
Q

Product from microbes

these are naturally produced by various bacteria and archaea to protect agains viral infection

A

Restriction Enzymes (RE)

106
Q

Product from microbes

Another molecular product of microbes that are isloated from the bateria Thermus aquaticus. This is a valuable tool in performing PCR.

A

Taq polymerase

107
Q

Product from microbes

It occupies an important role in molecular biology process due to its ability to insert DNA fragments into plasmids

A

DNA ligase

108
Q

Primary or Secondary

Alcohol, Amino acids, and Citric acid is an example of which metabolites?

A

Primary

109
Q

Primary or Secondary

atropine and antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and other pharmaceuticals are example of which metabolites?

A

Secondary

110
Q

identify or list down

5 typical parts of a prokaryotic cell

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. cytoplasm
  3. flagella and pili
  4. Nucleoid
  5. Plasmid
111
Q

parts of bacterial cell

a small molecule of DNA the can reporoduce independently

A

Plasmid

112
Q

parts of bacterial cell

These are often involved in adherance (attachment) of bacterial cells to surfaces in nature. In medical situations, they are major determinants of bacterial virulence because they allow pathogens to attach to (colonize) tissues and, sometimes, to resist attack by phagocytic white blood cells.

A

Common pili or fimbriae

113
Q

parts of bacterial cell

In cytoplasm, respiratory enzymes are associated and have fatty substance called __________

A

hopanoids

114
Q

Size of ribosomes in bacteria

A

70s

115
Q

Microbial growth is measured by _____

A

increase in population, either by measuring the increase in cell number or the increaes in overall mass.

116
Q

True or False

Bacteria and Archaea can reproduce either asexually or sexually.

A

False

Asexually only

117
Q

Bacteria and archaea most commonly engage in a process known as ____ , where a single cell splits into two equally sized cells.

A

Binary fission

118
Q

This protein is essential for the formation of a septum, which initially manifests as a ring in the middle of the elongated cell

A

FtsZ

119
Q

How many minutes could it only take for an active culture of E. coli to process binary fission

A

20 minutes

120
Q

identify or list down

4 distinct phases of growth cruve in a bacteria

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Exponential phase (log)
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
121
Q

Growth curve phase

The period of apparent inactivity in which the cells are adapting to a new environment and preparing for reproductive grownth.

A

Lag phase

122
Q

Growth curve phase

The period in which organisms are growing at the maximal possible given their genetic potential the nature of the medium, and the condition under which they are growing. This is also where generation time is easily obtained.

A

Log (exponential) phase

123
Q

Growth curve phase

The growth curve becomes horizontal. Eventually population growth decrease.

A

Stationary phase

124
Q

Growth curve phase

Cells are dying at an exponential rate. Cells lost the ability to detoxify toixins

A

Death phase

125
Q

2 common cause of death in a bacterial cell

A
  1. nutrient limitation
  2. toxic waste accumulation
126
Q

list down

6 major chemical elements all living protoplasm contains

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Phosphorus
  6. Sulfur
127
Q

materials that organisms are unable to sysnthesize, but are required for the budding of macromolecules and sustating life are teremed as ______________

A

Essential nutrients

128
Q

Organisms which can utilize light as an energy source. Bacteria gain energy from light

A

Phototrophs

129
Q

These bacteria gain energy from chemical compounds. They cannot carry out photosynthesis.

A

Chemotrophs

130
Q

Some organisms can use reduced organic compounds as electron donors. They are called what?

A

Lithotrophs

131
Q

Chromatium okeinii, a species of this type, gain energy from light and use inorganic compounds as a source of electrons. What are they called?

A

Photo-lithotrops

132
Q

Nitrosomonas, a bacteria of this kind, gain energy from reduced inorganic coumounds such as NH3 as a source of electron

A

Chemo-lithotrops

133
Q

Some organisms can use organic compounds as eletron donor. They are called what?

A

Organotrophs

134
Q

All organisms require ____ in some form for use in sysnthesizing cell components

A

Carbon

135
Q

Bacteria that uses CO2 as their major or even sole source of carbon. These bacteria synthesize all their food from inorganic substances (h20, CO2, H2s salts)

A

Autotrophs

136
Q

identify or list down

2 nutritional types of bacteria on the basis of electron source

A
  1. Lithotrophs
  2. Organotrophs
137
Q

identify or list down

2 nutritional types of bacteria on the basis of carbon source

A
  1. Autotrophs
  2. Heterotrophic Bacteria
138
Q

Green sulfur bacteria, a photoautotrophic bacteria uses hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor. The reaction takes place in the presence of light and pgiment termed _________

A

bacteriovirdin, or bacteriopheophytin, chlorobium chlorophyll

139
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria, a photoautotrophic bacteria have this pigment located on the intracytoplasmic membrane i.e. thylakoids

A

bacteriochlorophyll

140
Q

These bacteria obtain their ready made food from organic substances, living or dead. What are these?

A

Heterotrophic Bacteria

141
Q

True or False

Most of pathogenic bacteria of human beings, other plants, and animals are Autotrophs.

A

False

they are Heterotrophs

142
Q

some Heterotrophs require large amount of vitamin and other growth promoting substance. What are they called?

A

fastidious heterotrophs

143
Q

These bacteria obtain their food from the dead and organic decaying matter such as leaves, fruits, vegetables, meat, animal feces, leather, humus, etc.

A

Saprophytic Bacteria

144
Q

The process that bacteria use to acquire new genes

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

145
Q

____ is the process by which a donor bacterium transfers a copy of a plasmid of a plasmid to a recepient bacterium, through a pilus. The process requires cell-to-cell contact

A

Conjugation

146
Q

In this process, the new genes are aacquire directly from the environment. It does not require cell-to-cell contact.

A

Transformation

147
Q

In transfromation, typically the process requires a donor cells that at some point lysed and released naked DNA to the environment. The receipient cell is one that is capable of taking up the DNA from the environment and incorporating in into its own genome, where the cell is described as being _____

A

Competent

148
Q

Natural competence is determined genetically and the process typically occurs in which part of microbial growth phase?

A

At the end of exponential phase of growth or beginning of the stationary phase.

149
Q

Involves the use of a virus, a bacteriophage, to act as a conduit for shuttling bacteria genes from one cell to another, generating the necessity for cell-to-cell contact.

A

Transduction

150
Q

In Transduction and Transformation, where naked DNA is gaining access to the cell, the DNA could esaily be broken down by the cell with no genetic expression occuring. How should this be avoided by the recepients chromosome?

A

Recombined with the recepient’s chormosome / Molecular Recombination

151
Q

This is the most commong mechanism of molecular recombination which involves the RecA protein. In this process DNA from two sources are paired, based on similar nucleotide sequence in one area.

A

Homologous Receombination

152
Q

In homologous receombination, an endonuclease nicks one strand, allowing RecA to pair up bases from different strands. This process in known as _____

A

Strand invasion

153
Q

This molecular recombination are often used by viruses to insert their genome into the chromosome of thier host.

A

Site-specific recombination

154
Q

Also called as “jumping genes”, they are responsible for the activation or inactivation of genes within an organism.

A

Transposable elements

155
Q

The explanation of Transposable elements derived from the work in corn of this person that also won the Nobel Prize in 1983.

A

Barbara McClintock

156
Q

Transposable elements are relatively simple in structure, designed to move from one location to another within a DNA molecule by a process known as ____

A

Transposition

157
Q

This enzyme is responsible for allowing transposition to occur and have short inverted repeats at each end.

A

Transposase

158
Q

Bacteria possesing flagella over their entire surface

A

Peritrichous Bacteria

159
Q

Bacteria with a tuft of flagella at one end

A

Lopotrichous Bacteria

160
Q

Those having one or more flagella at each end

A

Amphitrichous Bacteria

161
Q

Bacteria posessing a single polar flagellum

A

Monotrichous

162
Q

Extremely cold loving bacteria

A

Psychrophiles

163
Q

Exteremely high pressure loving bacteria

A

Piezophiles

164
Q

Extermely salt loving bacteria

A

Halophiles

165
Q

A packet of 4 cocci

A

Tetrad

166
Q

A packet of 8 cocci

A

Octad

167
Q
A

microbio (4 decks)

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