Module 1-3 Flashcards by JUN ANTHONY BELLO

AKA microorganism. Is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular); cell clusters; or multicellular, relatively complex organisms. This is also the dominant life forms on earth found in almost every conceivable environment. They are also essential in sustaining life on this planet.

Microbe

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Are single-celled organism that lack a nucleus

Prokaryotes

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Are multicellular that include organisms consisting of many cell types performing different kinds of tissue.

Eukaryotes

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From the 5 basic groups:

these are typically unicellular, microscpic, prokaryotic, organisms that reproduced by binary fission.

Bacteria

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From the 5 basic groups:

These are yeasts and molds that are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organism that reproduce by budding

Fungi

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From the 5 basic groups:

These are typically submicroscopic, acellular infectious particles that can only replicate inside a living host cell

Viruses

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From the 5 basic groups:

These are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.

Protozoa

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From the 5 basic groups:

These are typically eukaryotic microorganism that carry out photosynthesis

Algae

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Identify or list down and determie the focus of study of each item

8 branchecs of Microbiology under Taxonomy

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Bacteriology - Study of bacteria
Immunology - study of immune system
Mycology - study of fungi
Nematology - study of nematodes
Parasitology - study of parasites
Phycology - study of algae
Protozoology - study of protozoa
Virology - study of viruses

Pure Microbio under Taxonomy

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Is the study of microscpoic organism and it also include s the study of viruses.

Microbiology

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Identify or list down

7 branches of microbiology under Research

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Astromicrobiology
Evolutionary Microbiology
Cellular Microbilogy
Microbial Ecology
Microbilal Physiology
Microbial Genetics
Systems Microbiology

Pure Microbio under research

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The study of the origin of life on Earth and the search for extraterestrial life

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Astromicrobiology

Pure Microbio

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study of the evolution of microorganisms

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Evolutionary Microbiology

Pure

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the study of structure and function of Microbial cells focusing on physiological aspect

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Cellular Microbiology

Pure

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study of mathematical modeling of activities of microbilogical systems

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Systems Microbiology

Pure

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study that Addreses questions about how organisms adapt to changes in their environment, including bioenergetics, stress, stravation, metabolic challenges, and responses to nutritional variation

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Microbial Physiology

Pure

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under Research / Pure Microbiology

study that mainly involves engineered microbes to make hormones, vaccine, antibiotics, and many other useful products for human being

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Microbial Genetics

Pure

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study that covers a wide range of topics on the ecology of microorganisms, including culture-independent molecular assesments, that provide new insights to:
1. the structure-function relationships of microorganisms;
2. the impact of in situ conditions on community structure
3. the effect of changes in microbial community composition on ecosystem functions

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Microbial Ecology

Pure

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study that covers genetic organization, expression, mutation, and repair in organisms with environmental or practical significance. Application of genetics in Microbiology.

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Molecular Microbiology

Pure

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Study of cells in microoganism focusing on the anatomical aspect

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Microbial Cytology

Pure

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under sub branches of Pure Microbiology

study that focuses on nomenclature, naming, identifcation, classifaction of microorganisms

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Microbial Taxonomy

Pure

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identify or list down

5 sub branches of Micribiology under Applied Research

Agricultural Microbiology
Food Microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Microbial Biotechnology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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scope of microbio that deals in genetic engineering being used in production of transgenic plants and animals. These plants and animals were improved by biotechnology for better production, resistant to environmental fluctuations.

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Agricultural Microbiology

Applied

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The study of microorganisms that spoil food. It also includes food pathogens, microbioal ecology of foods, food fermentaion, priobiotics and prebiotics

Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Food Microbiology

Applied

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the study of Microorganisms responsible for Human Disease | Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Medical Microbiology | Applied

Using microbes in industrial practices | Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Microbial biotechnology | Applied

the study of microorganisms used in pharmaceutical products | Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Pharmaceutical Microbiology | Applied

focuses on the ecological relationships, such as interactions among organisms, their structure and functional role in an ecosystem, and community-level studies. | Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Environmental Microbiology | Applied

# under Environmental Microbiology These are the primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environments (sewage treatment plants)

Bacteria

# under Environmental Microbiology In insect pest control, some bacteria are used as bio-pesticides to control insect pests. Give an example species of this bacteria | spell

*Bacillus thuringiensis*

# under Environmental microbiology In bioremediation, microbes are used to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes. Some bacterias were used to remove petroleum spill. Give an example species of this bacteria | spell

*Pseudomonas putida*

# under Environmental Microbiology Give the name of 2 scientists who studied soil microbes and their role in the biochemical cycles of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen etc.

1. Winogradsky 2. Martinus Beijerinck

In 1856, this scientis describe fermentation technology

Louis Pasteur

# identify or list down 11 examples of food that uses microbes in their production

1. cheese 2. pickles 3. sauerkraut 4. green olives 5. yogurt 6. soy sauce 7. vinegar 8. bread 9. beer 10. wine 11. alcohol

# under clinical and pharmaceutical microbiology *Penicillum notatum* or Pencillin was discovered in 1928 by who?

Alexander Fleming

Inoculated people with coxpox to protect against smallpox

Edward Jenner

Who developed rabies vaccine in 1885

Louis Pasteur

In 1890 these 2 scientists produced toxoid vaccine against diptheria and tetanus

1. Von Behring 2. Kitasato

In 1884 this scientist described the role of phagocytic cell in defense

Metchnikoff

scope of Microbio where microorganisms are used in Recombinant DNA Technology to manipulate their gene for the production of useful products such as enzymes, hormones, interferonm etc. | Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Genetic Engineering | Applied

# under Agricultutural Microbiology term used for transgenic animal or plant that are used as a bioreactor for mass production

Molecular farming

Emphasizes the role of microorganisms in geochemical processes in terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, including subsruface, aquafier, and oceanic environments | Also identify if it is Pure or Applied Microbio

Geochemical microbiology | Applied

# under Geochemical microbiology term use for recovery of minerals from low grade ores

Bioleaching

During the 16th century, prior to the invention of the microscope, the study of microbiology was pioneered by ____ when he proposed the theory of contagious disease. Give the year as well.

Girolamo Fracastoro, 1546

In early 17th century, the debate of ________ began

Spontaneous Generation

In 1660's this person demonstrated that maggots resulted from flies laying eggs on rotting mate and not spontaneous generation.

Francesco Redi

He invented the first microscope in 1665. He was the first one to have a close look of a cell but no entirely the features of nucleus and other organlles that are usually found in most living cells.

Robert Hooke

In 1674, using a microscope, he witnessed a live cell

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

What year did Edward Jenner helped developed a vaccine for smallpox?

1798

Between 1740-1776 the debate over Spontaneous Generation continued. These 2 scienctists performed experiments involving spontaneous generation

1. John Needham 2. Lazzaro Spallanzani

In 1839, he examined the idea of spontaneous generation which eventually led to its disproof. He also discovered the organic nature of yeasts.

Theodore Schwann

In 1861 he introduced the terms aerobic and anaerobic in describing the growth of yeast at the outlay of sugar in the presence or absence of oxygen. He is also the father of biotechnology

Louis Pasteur

More alcohol was produced in the absence of oxygen when sugar is fermented. What is this phenomenon called?

Pasteur Effect

He is the father of bacteriological techniques and in 1876 he published a paper on his work with **anthrax**. This pointed to a bacterium as the cause of this disease and this validated the germ theory of disease

Robert Koch

In 1868, he demonstrated that certain rods represented the infectious origin of leprosy. This is the first time that a chronic infectious diseas in human was shown to be related to Bacillus.

Armauer Hansen

In 1875, he discussed in the publication of Ueber Bakterien the role of microorganisms in the sequencing of elements in nature. He ais also the first to published an early classification of bacteria using the genus name, Bacillus.

Ferdinand Cohn

In 1877, he published a method for fractional sterilization and clarifies the role of heat resistant factors (spore) in putrefaction.

John Tyndall

He discovered the process of lactic acid fermentation of milk. His research was conducted using the very first method developed for the isolation of a pure culture of a bacterium.

Joseph Lister

In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed ____ of a virulent pathogen, the agent of chicken cholera. He used this work to mean "weakened".

attenuation

In what year did Robert Koch published in his book the bacteriological staining using dye methylene blue and used of agar as a solidfying agent in the preperation of solid media.

1881

In 1882 he isolated Myobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis.

Robert Koch

the process of staining bacteria (gram stain) with relevant dyes to reveal their structures for the purpose of identification was developed by _______

Hans Christian Gram

In 1892, the first eveidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, the virus of tobacco mosaic disease, was given by ____. His work had launched the emergence of virology.

Dimitri Ivanowski

In ealry 1900's ____________ or the necessary requirements for bacterial growth was discovered.

Microbial Growth Factor

In 1906, He discovered methane-utilizing and methane producing bacteria. This stucdy supported the claim that methane can be used both carbon souce and energy.

N.L. Sohngen

In 1910, he discovered the cure (Salvarsan) for the disease syphilis. In the field of medicine, this was the first specific chemotherapeutic agent for a disease caused by bacterium.

Paul Ehrlich

In 1928, he discovered bacterial transformation and this established the foundation of molecular genetics

Frederick Griffith

In what year did Alexander Fleming published the effects of penicillin on Gram positive organisms

1929

In what year this the process of conjugation in bacteria was discovered

1946

In 1993 the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction was intrduced by ________. This technique is used to produce multiple copies of a segment of a DNA in just a short period of time.

Kary Mullis

Give 2 types of Cellular Organization in Microbiology

1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Phylogeny

He proposed 3 Domain Classifications in 1977

Woese and coworkers

It is generally thought that all cells came from common ancestor

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

What are the 3-Domain system

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

What are the 6-Domain system

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Protista 4. Plantae 5. Fungi 6. Animalia

this domain classification contains a membrane-bound nucleus (includes plants, animals, protists and fungi) | identify if it is Eukarotic or Prokaryotic

Eukarya | Eukaryotic

This domain classification lacks a nucleus and consists of the traditional or "true" bacteria (e.g. most pathogenic forms, E. coli, S. aureus, etc.) | identify if it is Eukarotic or Prokaryotic

Eubacteria | Prokaryotic

This Domain classification lacks a nucleus and consists of the ectermophiles or "ancient" bacteria (e.g.: methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles) | identify if it is Eukarotic or Prokaryotic

Archaea | Prokarotic

Give 5 phyla of Archaea

1. Crenarchaeota 2. Euryarchaeota 3. Korarchaeota 4. Nanoarcheaota 5. Thaumarchaeota

# under Archaea Phyla they are aquatic, most if not all are hyperthermophile (grow up to 113 degrees C). It has Genus Sulfolobus that are thermophiles (can live 70-80 degrees C), acidophiles (ph of 2-3), aerobic (heterotrophs) or anaerobic (oxidize sulfur to produce sulfuric acid which is store in granules)

Crenarchaeota

# under Archaea Phyla Includes, Methanobacteria, methanococci and Methanomicrobia. Generally described as methanogens. Also includes class Halobacteria or salt-loving archaea

Euryarchaeota

Round shape eubacteria

coccus/cocci

Rod-shaped eubacteria

Bacillus/Bacilli

Comma-shaped Eubacteria

Vibrio

Sprial Shaped Eubacteria

spirilla/spirochete

cocci in pairs

Diploccocus

cocci in chains is called

Streptococcus

rods in chains

Streptobacillus | Gram-Negative

round to rod shaped/oval

Coccobacillus

bacterial forms in clusters

Staphylo-

A non cellular agent consisting of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material that may be a DNA or RNA

Viruses

# True or False? Colonization begins during birth and immediately after birth.

True

# True or False? The initial microbial population is greatly influenced by the type of delivery, whether by normal or Caesarian operation.

True

capable of surviving extreme environmental conditions such as extreme climates, temperature, conditions, ph and even under radiation.

Extremophile archaea

produce thermostanle DNA polymerase which are use in polymerase chain reaction for their ability to withstand high temperature.

Pyrococcus furiosus

Pyrococcus species produce ____ and ____ which are used in food industry for their abilty to witthstand high temperatures

amylases and galactosidases

Are uniquitous and are used for their production of amino acids and other nutrients.

Corynebacteria

# Trur or False Xanthomonas are used in steroid conversion which is important in the development of pharmaceuticals

False | Corynebacteria are used in steroid conversion

bacteria that produce the amino acid glutamic acid which is an additive in food industry. It is more popularyly known as monosodium glutamate (MSG)

*Corynebacterium glutamicum*

used in degradation of hydrocarbons, which makes them useful in biodegradation of plastic and oil hydrocarbons, and other toxic environment contaminants

Corynebacteria

Xanthomonas is a type of ________, that is known pathogen in plants

Proteobacteria

This species produce an acidic expolysaccharide commonly marketed as xanthan gum, used as thickening and stabilizing agent in foods and in cosmetic ingredients to prevent separation.

Xanthomonas

is a genus of fungi used in production of alcoholic bevarages and pharmaceutical development

Aspergillus

this species of bacteria is most commonly used to produce citric acid, which is uded in numerous products ranging from household cleaners, pharmaceutical, foods, cosmetics, photography, and construction.

*Aspergillus niger*

# identify or list down Give 3 molecular products of Microbes

1. Restriction Enzyme (RE) 2. Taq polymerase 3. DNA ligase

# Product from microbes these are naturally produced by various bacteria and archaea to protect agains viral infection

Restriction Enzymes (RE)

# Product from microbes Another molecular product of microbes that are isloated from the bateria Thermus aquaticus. This is a valuable tool in performing PCR.

Taq polymerase

# Product from microbes It occupies an important role in molecular biology process due to its ability to insert DNA fragments into plasmids

DNA ligase

# Primary or Secondary Alcohol, Amino acids, and Citric acid is an example of which metabolites?

Primary

# Primary or Secondary atropine and antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and other pharmaceuticals are example of which metabolites?

Secondary

# identify or list down 5 typical parts of a prokaryotic cell

1. Cell wall 2. cytoplasm 3. flagella and pili 4. Nucleoid 5. Plasmid

# parts of bacterial cell a small molecule of DNA the can reporoduce independently

Plasmid

# parts of bacterial cell These are often involved in adherance (attachment) of bacterial cells to surfaces in nature. In medical situations, they are major determinants of bacterial virulence because they allow pathogens to attach to (colonize) tissues and, sometimes, to resist attack by phagocytic white blood cells.

Common pili or fimbriae

# parts of bacterial cell In cytoplasm, respiratory enzymes are associated and have fatty substance called __________

hopanoids

Size of ribosomes in bacteria

70s

Microbial growth is measured by _____

increase in population, either by measuring the increase in cell number or the increaes in overall mass.

# True or False Bacteria and Archaea can reproduce either asexually or sexually.

False | Asexually only

Bacteria and archaea most commonly engage in a process known as ____ , where a single cell splits into two equally sized cells.

Binary fission

This protein is essential for the formation of a septum, which initially manifests as a ring in the middle of the elongated cell

FtsZ

How many minutes could it only take for an active culture of E. coli to process binary fission

20 minutes

# identify or list down 4 distinct phases of growth cruve in a bacteria

1. Lag phase 2. Exponential phase (log) 3. Stationary Phase 4. Death Phase

# Growth curve phase The period of apparent inactivity in which the cells are adapting to a new environment and preparing for reproductive grownth.

Lag phase

# Growth curve phase The period in which organisms are growing at the maximal possible given their genetic potential the nature of the medium, and the condition under which they are growing. This is also where generation time is easily obtained.

Log (exponential) phase

# Growth curve phase The growth curve becomes horizontal. Eventually population growth decrease.

Stationary phase

# Growth curve phase Cells are dying at an exponential rate. Cells lost the ability to detoxify toixins

Death phase

2 common cause of death in a bacterial cell

1. nutrient limitation 2. toxic waste accumulation

# list down 6 major chemical elements all living protoplasm contains

1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen 5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfur

materials that organisms are unable to sysnthesize, but are required for the budding of macromolecules and sustating life are teremed as ______________

Essential nutrients

Organisms which can utilize light as an energy source. Bacteria gain energy from light

Phototrophs

These bacteria gain energy from chemical compounds. They cannot carry out photosynthesis.

Chemotrophs

Some organisms can use reduced organic compounds as electron donors. They are called what?

Lithotrophs

Chromatium okeinii, a species of this type, gain energy from light and use inorganic compounds as a source of electrons. What are they called?

Photo-lithotrops

Nitrosomonas, a bacteria of this kind, gain energy from reduced inorganic coumounds such as NH3 as a source of electron

Chemo-lithotrops

Some organisms can use organic compounds as eletron donor. They are called what?

Organotrophs

All organisms require ____ in some form for use in sysnthesizing cell components

Carbon

Bacteria that uses CO2 as their major or even sole source of carbon. These bacteria synthesize all their food from inorganic substances (h20, CO2, H2s salts)

Autotrophs

# identify or list down 2 nutritional types of bacteria on the basis of electron source

1. Lithotrophs 2. Organotrophs

# identify or list down 2 nutritional types of bacteria on the basis of carbon source

1. Autotrophs 2. Heterotrophic Bacteria

Green sulfur bacteria, a photoautotrophic bacteria uses hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor. The reaction takes place in the presence of light and pgiment termed _________

bacteriovirdin, or bacteriopheophytin, chlorobium chlorophyll

Purple sulfur bacteria, a photoautotrophic bacteria have this pigment located on the intracytoplasmic membrane i.e. thylakoids

bacteriochlorophyll

These bacteria obtain their ready made food from organic substances, living or dead. What are these?

Heterotrophic Bacteria

# True or False Most of pathogenic bacteria of human beings, other plants, and animals are Autotrophs.

False | they are Heterotrophs

some Heterotrophs require large amount of vitamin and other growth promoting substance. What are they called?

fastidious heterotrophs

These bacteria obtain their food from the dead and organic decaying matter such as leaves, fruits, vegetables, meat, animal feces, leather, humus, etc.

Saprophytic Bacteria

The process that bacteria use to acquire new genes

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

____ is the process by which a donor bacterium transfers a copy of a plasmid of a plasmid to a recepient bacterium, through a pilus. The process requires cell-to-cell contact

Conjugation

In this process, the new genes are aacquire directly from the environment. It does not require cell-to-cell contact.

Transformation

In transfromation, typically the process requires a donor cells that at some point lysed and released naked DNA to the environment. The receipient cell is one that is capable of taking up the DNA from the environment and incorporating in into its own genome, where the cell is described as being _____

Competent

Natural competence is determined genetically and the process typically occurs in which part of microbial growth phase?

At the end of exponential phase of growth or beginning of the stationary phase.

Involves the use of a virus, a bacteriophage, to act as a conduit for shuttling bacteria genes from one cell to another, generating the necessity for cell-to-cell contact.

Transduction

In Transduction and Transformation, where naked DNA is gaining access to the cell, the DNA could esaily be broken down by the cell with no genetic expression occuring. How should this be avoided by the recepients chromosome?

Recombined with the recepient's chormosome / Molecular Recombination

This is the most commong mechanism of molecular recombination which involves the RecA protein. In this process DNA from two sources are paired, based on similar nucleotide sequence in one area.

Homologous Receombination

In homologous receombination, an endonuclease nicks one strand, allowing RecA to pair up bases from different strands. This process in known as _____

Strand invasion

This molecular recombination are often used by viruses to insert their genome into the chromosome of thier host.

Site-specific recombination

Also called as "jumping genes", they are responsible for the activation or inactivation of genes within an organism.

Transposable elements

The explanation of Transposable elements derived from the work in corn of this person that also won the Nobel Prize in 1983.

Barbara McClintock

Transposable elements are relatively simple in structure, designed to move from one location to another within a DNA molecule by a process known as ____

Transposition

This enzyme is responsible for allowing transposition to occur and have short inverted repeats at each end.

Transposase

Bacteria possesing flagella over their entire surface

Peritrichous Bacteria

Bacteria with a tuft of flagella at one end

Lopotrichous Bacteria

Those having one or more flagella at each end

Amphitrichous Bacteria

Bacteria posessing a single polar flagellum

Monotrichous

Extremely cold loving bacteria

Psychrophiles

Exteremely high pressure loving bacteria

Piezophiles

Extermely salt loving bacteria

Halophiles

A packet of 4 cocci

Tetrad

A packet of 8 cocci

Octad