Module 5 Flashcards
What are some examples of hormones that are chemically regulated
Blood glucose or calcium levels
Endocrine examples of hormone release
a hormone from one endocrine gland controlling another
Neural examples of hormone release
Direct simulation of pancreatic cells by ANS
How do lipid soluble hormones cross plasma and nuclear membranes
They diffuse freely
How do water-soluble hormones cross the plasma and nuclear membrane?
They cannot diffuse, need to bind to surface receptors and initiate first and second messengers
What are some examples of water-soluble hormones
Protein hormones and catecholamines
What is the major component to the anterior pituitary
pars distalis
What does an antidiuretic hormone do
Controls plasma osmolarliy
What does an oxytocin do
Sperm motility in males, uterine contractions, lactation in females
What does parathyroid hormones do?
increases serum calcium levels and decreases serum phosphate
Insulin
amylase
glucogon
pancreatic somatostatin
gastrin, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptides
What is the adrenal cortex. What comes from it.
What are the effects of glucocorticoids on the body.
What do mineralocorticoids do
What causes primary thyroid disorders
What causes secondary thyroid disorders
What is thyrotoxicosis
Conditions caused by increased TH levels
What is graves disease
an autoimmune disease caused by stimulation of thyroid by autoantibidues agaist TSH receptrs. Type 2 hypersensitivity
What is a symptom of graves disease
Orbital edema/eye protrustion with visual disterbanves
What are symptoms of hypothyroidsim
lethargy, cold intolerance, decreased meabolic rate
What is Hashemites disease
A hypothyroid disease that causes gradual destruction of the thyroid gland
What is the most common endocrine malignancy and what causes it
thyroid carcinoma and ionizing radiation is the most common cause
What is hyperparathyroidism
Increased secretons of parathyroid hormone. Hallmark symptom is hypercalcemia and hypophosphatism. Primary is the import one
What is hypoparathyroidism
Caused by parathyroid damage in thyroid surgery, abnormally low PTH levels. Manifests primarly by hypocalcemia
What causes type 1 diabetes
Immunologically mediated beta cell destruction in pancreas and apoptosis
What are manifestations result from insulin deficiencey
Hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss
How is type 2 diabetes caused
genetic-environmental interactions
What causes long term effects of diabetes
hyperglycemia
what is the most abundant type of adipose tissue
white adipose tissue
What do orexigenic neurons do
promote appetite, stimulate eating, decrease metabolism
What are some risk factors for obesity
Cushing’s syndrome (metabolic abnormalities), polygenic defects, depression and other mood disorders, environmental factors
What is therapeutic starvation
weight loss in morbidly obese people
What is the anorexia of aging. what are some risk factors
decrease in hunger or food intake in older adults. AKA decreased orexigenic signals. Medical and psychiatric conditions,
