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Chapter 1 Pathophysiology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Signals towards CNS. Nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action

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3
Q

What are Neuroglial cells?

A

They are nerve glue, support the neurons.

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4
Q

What are dendrites

A

Extensions carry impulse towards body

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5
Q

What are axons

A

carry nerve impulse away from the cell body

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6
Q

What is the axon hillock

A

They are cone-shaped process where axon leaves the cell body.

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7
Q

What do upper motor nerons do?

A

They control fine motor movement, and influence/ modify spinal reflex arc.

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8
Q

What do lower motor neurons do

A

They have a direct influence on muscles.

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9
Q

What are the meninges of the brain?

A

Dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid, pia mater

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10
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid called

A

Subdural space

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11
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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12
Q

What is the circle of Willis

A

It is an alternate/collateral route if arteries are obstructed.

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13
Q

What is the primary regulator for CNS blood flow (vasodilator)

A

CO2

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14
Q

Where are nociceptors (pain receptors) located

A

They are free nerve endings located in the skin, muscles, joints, arteries, and the viscera.

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15
Q

What do nociceptors respond to

A

They respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli

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16
Q

Transduction

A

activation of nociceptors by noxious stimulus

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17
Q

Transmission

A

conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord

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18
Q

Affective- motivation system

A

determines avoidance behaviors and emotional responses.

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19
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA, glycine, serotonin, norepinephrine

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20
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate, aspartate, substance P, calcitonin

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21
Q

What is somatic pain

A

Arises from skin, joints, and muscles.

22
Q

What is defined as chronic pain?

A

Pain lasting at least 3 to 6 months

23
Q

What mediates temperature regulation

A

The hypothalamus and the endocrine system

24
Q

What is a fever

A

A temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher level

25
Q

What is the major sleep center

A

The hypothalamus

26
Q

What do hypocretins do?

A

Promote wakefulness and REM sleep.

27
Q

Does out tactile discrimination decrease over time?

A

true

28
Q

What is locked in syndrome

A

Complete paralysis of voluntary muscles (immobile and cannot communicate) but thought/arousal is intact

29
Q

What is the minimally conscious state

A

Can follow simple commands, minimal ability to communicate

30
Q

What is agnosia

A

Defect of pattern recognition

31
Q

What is aphasia

A

Defect of language comprehension or production

32
Q

Delirium vs Dementia

A

Delirium is acute, and will go away once underlying cause is treated

33
Q

What is a seizure

A

A sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by disorderly discharges of cortical neurons

34
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Excess fluid in cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space or both

35
Q

What is noncommunicating hydrophalus

A

Obstruction within ventrical space

36
Q

In who does noncommunicating hydrocephalus happen?

A

Most often in children

37
Q

In who does communicating hydrocephalus occur?

A

In adults due to defective CSF reabsorption

38
Q

What is paraplegia

A

weakness/paralysis of lower extremities as a result of lower spinal cord injury

39
Q

What is quadriplegia

A

weakness/paralysis of all four extremities as a result of upper spinal cord injury

40
Q

What is the most common type of TBI

A

A concussion

41
Q

What is a decorticate posture

A

When brainstem is not inhibited by by cerebral cortex motor area

42
Q

What are the extrapyramidal motor syndrome

A

Basal ganglia motor syndrome and cerebellar motor syndromes

43
Q

What is the difference between a closed and open head injury

A

Closed is more impact, open is more penetrating

44
Q

How is a diffuse brain injury defined

A

coma lasting 6-24 hours after a TBI

45
Q

What is spinal shock

A

normal activity of the spinal cord ceases at and below the level of injury

46
Q

Neurologic shock

A

A injury above T6, caused by absence/damage of sympathetic activity. Fluctuating body temp.

47
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)

A

Paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 systolic). pounding headache. blurred vision, nausea, and bradycardia

48
Q

Where is the herniated interveinal disk most commonly located

A

Most common between L4-S1

49
Q

In who does cerebrovascular accident occur the most

A

In African Americans older than 65

50
Q

What most commonly occurs due to cerebral aneurysm?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

51
Q

How does multiple sclerosis occur/ what is its pathophysiology

A

degeneration of myelin, scarring, and loss of axons

Chapter 1 Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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