Module 3 Flashcards
What is angiogenesis
The growth on new blood vessels
What bacteria is responsible for chronic inflammation in gastric cancer?
Helicobacter pylori
What is the recruitment of tumor (TAMs) associated macrophages is critical?
It stimulates tumor growth and mobility.
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
A system complex triggered by cancer. Not cause by direct local effects of tumor
What is cachexia?
Severe form of malnutrition
What does TNM stand for?
Tumor spread, Node involvement, M is for presence of distant metastasis..
What substances are produced by cancer cells that are found in or on tumor cells, blood, CSF, or urine?
Enzymes, hormones, genes, antigens and antibodies. Used as tumor markers
Why are false positives a bad thing?
Can freak a patient out, unnecessary testing.
What are tumor markers used for?
to screen and identify individuals at high risk of cancer.
What are pleomorphic cells?
Different sized and shaped cells
What are characteristics of a benign tumor?
Glows slowly, encapsulated, not invasive, has recognizable tissue structure, mitotic cells are rarely present under microscope and they do not metastasize (spread distantly)
What are characteristics of malignant cells?
They grow rapidly, are not encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, pleomorphic, and can spread distantly.
What are xenobiotics?
toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals in food and drugs.
What is the bystander effect during ionizing radiation?
Effects to the cells that did not receive any direct radiation exposure.
What is essential for vitamin Dā
UV light.
Least aggressive form of cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma. Common on head/neck from sun exposure
What is carcinoma in situ (CIS)
A preinvasive epithelial tumor of glandular or squamous origin. They have not broken through the basement membrane or invade the surrounding tumor environment.
What are the stages of cancer development?
Tumor initiation: initial cancer cells are produced.
Tumor Promotion: cancer cells expand.
Tumor Progression: process of metastasis.
What are proto-oncogenes
Genes that direct normal cellular proliferation
What are oncogenes
Mutated or overexposed proto-oncogenes that are present in cancer cells
What are anti-oncogenes
They are tumor-suppressor genes.
What happens when anti-oncogenes are inactivated
It allows for unregulated cellular growth.
What are caretaker genes
They encode for proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA
What is the Warburg effect
Allows products of glycolysis to be used for rapid cell growth, even in normal oxidative conditions.
What is metastasis
The spread of cancer from primary site of origin to a distant site
What is paraneoplastic syndrome
It is a symptom complex triggered by cancer, but it is not caused by direct local effects of the tumor. Like hormones that occur because of the tumor.
What does data suggest about susceptibility to chronic disease?
That the susceptibility can be influenced by early life events
What is the bystander effect?
Effects to cells that receive no direct radiation exposure.
What is chemotherapy
It is a cancer treatment used to take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells.
What is a complication of chemotherapy
It kills rapidly dividing cells that are not cancerous.
What is a important factor in the development of cancer
Chronic inflammation
What are tumor-associated antigens
They should be recognized as foreign by immune cells and destroyed.
What is Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)?
