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Chapter 1 Pathophysiology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

The growth on new blood vessels

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2
Q

What bacteria is responsible for chronic inflammation in gastric cancer?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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3
Q

What is the recruitment of tumor (TAMs) associated macrophages is critical?

A

It stimulates tumor growth and mobility.

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4
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

A system complex triggered by cancer. Not cause by direct local effects of tumor

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5
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Severe form of malnutrition

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6
Q

What does TNM stand for?

A

Tumor spread, Node involvement, M is for presence of distant metastasis..

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7
Q

What substances are produced by cancer cells that are found in or on tumor cells, blood, CSF, or urine?

A

Enzymes, hormones, genes, antigens and antibodies. Used as tumor markers

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8
Q

Why are false positives a bad thing?

A

Can freak a patient out, unnecessary testing.

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9
Q

What are tumor markers used for?

A

to screen and identify individuals at high risk of cancer.

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10
Q

What are pleomorphic cells?

A

Different sized and shaped cells

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11
Q

What are characteristics of a benign tumor?

A

Glows slowly, encapsulated, not invasive, has recognizable tissue structure, mitotic cells are rarely present under microscope and they do not metastasize (spread distantly)

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12
Q

What are characteristics of malignant cells?

A

They grow rapidly, are not encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, pleomorphic, and can spread distantly.

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13
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals in food and drugs.

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14
Q

What is the bystander effect during ionizing radiation?

A

Effects to the cells that did not receive any direct radiation exposure.

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15
Q

What is essential for vitamin Dā€

A

UV light.

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16
Q

Least aggressive form of cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma. Common on head/neck from sun exposure

17
Q

What is carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

A preinvasive epithelial tumor of glandular or squamous origin. They have not broken through the basement membrane or invade the surrounding tumor environment.

18
Q

What are the stages of cancer development?

A

Tumor initiation: initial cancer cells are produced.
Tumor Promotion: cancer cells expand.
Tumor Progression: process of metastasis.

19
Q

What are proto-oncogenes

A

Genes that direct normal cellular proliferation

20
Q

What are oncogenes

A

Mutated or overexposed proto-oncogenes that are present in cancer cells

21
Q

What are anti-oncogenes

A

They are tumor-suppressor genes.

22
Q

What happens when anti-oncogenes are inactivated

A

It allows for unregulated cellular growth.

23
Q

What are caretaker genes

A

They encode for proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA

24
Q

What is the Warburg effect

A

Allows products of glycolysis to be used for rapid cell growth, even in normal oxidative conditions.

25
Q

What is metastasis

A

The spread of cancer from primary site of origin to a distant site

26
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome

A

It is a symptom complex triggered by cancer, but it is not caused by direct local effects of the tumor. Like hormones that occur because of the tumor.

27
Q

What does data suggest about susceptibility to chronic disease?

A

That the susceptibility can be influenced by early life events

28
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Effects to cells that receive no direct radiation exposure.

29
Q

What is chemotherapy

A

It is a cancer treatment used to take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells.

30
Q

What is a complication of chemotherapy

A

It kills rapidly dividing cells that are not cancerous.

31
Q

What is a important factor in the development of cancer

A

Chronic inflammation

32
Q

What are tumor-associated antigens

A

They should be recognized as foreign by immune cells and destroyed.

33
Q

What is Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)?

A

Chapter 1 Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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