Module 5

Question 1

What is personality?

Answer 1

pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that distinguish one person from another, persist over time and situation

Question 2

What is Hollander’s Structure of Personality?

Answer 2

personality core: perception of ourselves, developed from early environmental interactions
typical responses: predictable behaviours
role-related behaviours: variable behaviours

Question 3

Explain biological theories of personality.

Answer 3

links personality with biological processes, mind-body connection

Question 4

What is Sheldon’s Consitutional Theory? The type of somatotypes?

Answer 4

certain somatotypes predispose individuals toward behavioural consistency
ectomorph
endomorph
mesomorph

Question 5

Explain ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph.

Answer 5

ectomorph: linear, tall, cerebrotonia personality (tense, introvert, restrained)
endomorph: plump, round, viscerotonia personality (affection, sociable, relaxed, cheerful)
mesomorph: inverted triangle shape, athletic, somatotonic personality (adventurous, risk-taking, aggressive)

Question 6

Explain trait theories of personality.

Answer 6

center on the examination of traits

traits: cause you to act in a certain way

Question 7

What are the 5 global factors that can describe all individuals? (OCEAN)

Answer 7

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism

Question 8

Differentiate between personality traits and states

Answer 8

personality traits: psychological characteristics and remain stable over time
personality states: situation specific feelings

Question 9

What types of moods are lower in elite athletes?

Answer 9

tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion

Question 10

What moods are elite athletes higher in?

Answer 10

vigor, emotional energy, cognitive liveliness

Question 11

True or false: anxiety is arousal

Answer 11

cap

Question 12

What is arousal?

Answer 12

physiological and psychological activation of an individuals autonomic nerv. sys
physiological state of readiness and psychological activation

Question 13

True or false: stress is not anxiety

Answer 13

fact

Question 14

What is stress?

Answer 14

nonspecific response of the body to any demand upon it

good or bad (depends on interpretation

Question 15

The two types of stress?

Answer 15

eustress=positive stress

distress=negative stress

Question 16

Explain anxiety.

Answer 16

tension and worry that results from distress
negatively charged emotion
resulting from uncertainty of what will happen

Question 17

Differentiate between state and trait anxiety.

Answer 17

trait anxiety: stable part of individuals personality

state anxiety: worries that change from moment to moment

Question 18

What are the two types of state anxiety?

Answer 18

cognitive state anxiety: psychological, result of worrying

somatic state anxiety: physical, perception of physiological responses

Question 19

What are the dimensions of the anxiety response?

Answer 19

intensity=amount/level of symptoms
frequency=amount of time that thoughts+feelings occupy the mind
direction=facilitative or debilitative

Question 20

Which type of anxiety starts high and remains high as competition approaches? Which is low until day of competition?

Answer 20

cognitive

somatic

Question 21

What is the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory?

Answer 21

addresses the relationship between cognitive and somatic components of anxiety and sport performance
addresses how the relationship between anxiety and sport performance may change across phases of competition

Question 22

What is the Zones of Optimal Functioning Theory?

Answer 22

best sport performance likely to occur with optimal levels of state anxiety and that optimal level is a “zone”

Question 23

Are somatic and cognitive anxiety good for performance?

Answer 23

somatic: good to a point
cognitive: not good

Question 24

What is a mental skills training program?

Answer 24

structured and consistent practice of psychological skills

Question 25

The three phases of mental skills training programs?

Answer 25

education: recognize importance of mental skills acquisition: acquire mental skills and learn how to employ them practice: implement mental skills

Question 26

What are common mental skills used by elite athletes?

Answer 26

goal setting imagery positive self-talk attentional focusing

Question 27

What are the two categories of relaxation?

Answer 27

Muscle-to-mind: releasing physical tension | Mind-to-muscle: efferent nerve control to release cognitive anxiety

Question 28

What are the types of muscle-to-mind?

Answer 28

breathing exercises, progressive relaxation

Question 29

What are the types of mind-to-muscle?

Answer 29

meditation visualization autogenic training

Question 30

What is imagery?

Answer 30

using one's senses to re-create an experience in the mind mimics real experience polysensory

Question 31

Differentiate between internal and external imagery?

Answer 31

internal: experience images from behind your own eyes (more effective due to more senses) external: see the image from outside your body

Question 32

What are keys to using imagery effectively?

Answer 32

controllability: imagining exactly what was intended, able to manipulate it vividness: how clearly an image is seen and detailed it appears, polysensory

Question 33

What is self-talk?

Answer 33

verbalizations or statements that are addressed to the self

Question 34

What are the functions of self-talk?

Answer 34

instructional: used for skill development, execution, strategy, performanc improvement motivational: for mastery, arousal, drive

Question 35

Differentiate between a goal and goal setting.

Answer 35

goal=target or objective striving to be attained | goal setting=the practice of establishing desirable objectives

Question 36

How does goal setting work?

Answer 36

``` directs attention mobilizes effort promotes development of new learning strategies influences psychological states enhances self-confidence ```

Question 37

What are the types of goals?

Answer 37

outcome goals: focus on the results of a contest between opponents performance goals: improvements relative to one's past performance process goals: procedures the athlete must engage in during performance

Question 38

What are the goal setting guidelines?

Answer 38

``` SMART state positively rather than negatively moderate difficulty goals for practice and competition make goals public review goals regularly ```

Question 39

What are the dimensions of cohesion?

Answer 39

individual: beliefs each member holds about personal benefits of group group: beliefs each member holds about the group as a collective task: orientation toward achieving the groups objective social: orientation toward developing and maintaining social relationships

Question 40

What are the factors associated with group cohesion?

Answer 40

environmental (branding, size, setting) leadership (leaders behaviour, autocratic vs democratic) personal (indivudal adherence, individual effort, individual sacrifice) team (team success)

Question 41

True or false: cohesion always enhances success

Answer 41

false

Question 42

What is team building?

Answer 42

an effective strategy to enhance a team's cohesion and performance

Question 43

Successful TB interventions

Answer 43

team leadership is coherent and acceptable members understand roles and responsibilities emotional sign up positive, energetic, empowering climate group meetings are efficient weaknesses are diagnosed and eliminated