Module 5 Flashcards
What is personality?
pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that distinguish one person from another, persist over time and situation
What is Hollander’s Structure of Personality?
personality core: perception of ourselves, developed from early environmental interactions
typical responses: predictable behaviours
role-related behaviours: variable behaviours
Explain biological theories of personality.
links personality with biological processes, mind-body connection
What is Sheldon’s Consitutional Theory? The type of somatotypes?
certain somatotypes predispose individuals toward behavioural consistency
ectomorph
endomorph
mesomorph
Explain ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph.
ectomorph: linear, tall, cerebrotonia personality (tense, introvert, restrained)
endomorph: plump, round, viscerotonia personality (affection, sociable, relaxed, cheerful)
mesomorph: inverted triangle shape, athletic, somatotonic personality (adventurous, risk-taking, aggressive)
Explain trait theories of personality.
center on the examination of traits
traits: cause you to act in a certain way
What are the 5 global factors that can describe all individuals? (OCEAN)
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Differentiate between personality traits and states
personality traits: psychological characteristics and remain stable over time
personality states: situation specific feelings
What types of moods are lower in elite athletes?
tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion
What moods are elite athletes higher in?
vigor, emotional energy, cognitive liveliness
True or false: anxiety is arousal
cap
What is arousal?
physiological and psychological activation of an individuals autonomic nerv. sys
physiological state of readiness and psychological activation
True or false: stress is not anxiety
fact
What is stress?
nonspecific response of the body to any demand upon it
good or bad (depends on interpretation
The two types of stress?
eustress=positive stress
distress=negative stress
Explain anxiety.
tension and worry that results from distress
negatively charged emotion
resulting from uncertainty of what will happen
Differentiate between state and trait anxiety.
trait anxiety: stable part of individuals personality
state anxiety: worries that change from moment to moment
What are the two types of state anxiety?
cognitive state anxiety: psychological, result of worrying
somatic state anxiety: physical, perception of physiological responses
What are the dimensions of the anxiety response?
intensity=amount/level of symptoms
frequency=amount of time that thoughts+feelings occupy the mind
direction=facilitative or debilitative
Which type of anxiety starts high and remains high as competition approaches? Which is low until day of competition?
cognitive
somatic
What is the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory?
addresses the relationship between cognitive and somatic components of anxiety and sport performance
addresses how the relationship between anxiety and sport performance may change across phases of competition
What is the Zones of Optimal Functioning Theory?
best sport performance likely to occur with optimal levels of state anxiety and that optimal level is a “zone”
Are somatic and cognitive anxiety good for performance?
somatic: good to a point
cognitive: not good
What is a mental skills training program?
structured and consistent practice of psychological skills
The three phases of mental skills training programs?
education: recognize importance of mental skills
acquisition: acquire mental skills and learn how to employ them
practice: implement mental skills
What are common mental skills used by elite athletes?
goal setting
imagery
positive self-talk
attentional focusing
What are the two categories of relaxation?
Muscle-to-mind: releasing physical tension
Mind-to-muscle: efferent nerve control to release cognitive anxiety
What are the types of muscle-to-mind?
breathing exercises, progressive relaxation
What are the types of mind-to-muscle?
meditation
visualization
autogenic training
What is imagery?
using one’s senses to re-create an experience in the mind
mimics real experience
polysensory
Differentiate between internal and external imagery?
internal: experience images from behind your own eyes (more effective due to more senses)
external: see the image from outside your body
What are keys to using imagery effectively?
controllability: imagining exactly what was intended, able to manipulate it
vividness: how clearly an image is seen and detailed it appears, polysensory
What is self-talk?
verbalizations or statements that are addressed to the self
What are the functions of self-talk?
instructional: used for skill development, execution, strategy, performanc improvement
motivational: for mastery, arousal, drive
Differentiate between a goal and goal setting.
goal=target or objective striving to be attained
goal setting=the practice of establishing desirable objectives
How does goal setting work?
directs attention mobilizes effort promotes development of new learning strategies influences psychological states enhances self-confidence
What are the types of goals?
outcome goals: focus on the results of a contest between opponents
performance goals: improvements relative to one’s past performance
process goals: procedures the athlete must engage in during performance
What are the goal setting guidelines?
SMART state positively rather than negatively moderate difficulty goals for practice and competition make goals public review goals regularly
What are the dimensions of cohesion?
individual: beliefs each member holds about personal benefits of group
group: beliefs each member holds about the group as a collective
task: orientation toward achieving the groups objective
social: orientation toward developing and maintaining social relationships
What are the factors associated with group cohesion?
environmental (branding, size, setting)
leadership (leaders behaviour, autocratic vs democratic)
personal (indivudal adherence, individual effort, individual sacrifice)
team (team success)
True or false: cohesion always enhances success
false
What is team building?
an effective strategy to enhance a team’s cohesion and performance
Successful TB interventions
team leadership is coherent and acceptable
members understand roles and responsibilities
emotional sign up
positive, energetic, empowering climate
group meetings are efficient
weaknesses are diagnosed and eliminated
