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KIN 122 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

study of how people influence each other and other factors that affect social behaviour

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2
Q

What do North Americans tend to do?

A

conform to the norm

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3
Q

Explain the Social Philosophy Approach.

A

Pre-19th century
Speculation about causes of behaviour
No systematic observations

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4
Q

Explain the Empiricism Approach.

A

19th century
Growth of natural & biological sciences
Systematic data gathering but lacked theory

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5
Q

Explain the Social Analysis Approach.

A

20th century
Avoids simple principles
Seeking the why and how of social behaviour

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6
Q

What are the theories in social psychology?

A

Psychoanalytic
Behavioural
Cognitive

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7
Q

Who is the father of psychoanalytic theories?

A

Freud

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8
Q

Who is the father of behaviour theories?

A

Pavlov

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9
Q

Who is the father of cognitive theories?

A

Gestalt

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10
Q

Explain psychoanalytic theories.

A

Concerned with transformation of man from biological organism to social being
Internal states direct specific behaviours unconsciously

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11
Q

What are contributions of psychoanalytic theories?

A

socialization of the individual, personality development, family structure, sources of aggressive behaviour

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12
Q

Explain behaviour theories.

A

how behaviour is acquired & emitted

rejects concepts that cant be empirically tested

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13
Q

Explain cognitive theories.

A

process of perception & perceptual organization

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14
Q

what are some examples of cognitive theories?

A

Attribution Theory: attributing wins or losses to something

Self-Efficacy Theory

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15
Q

How do we study social psychology?

A

Lab vs Field

Experimental vs Non-experimental studies

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16
Q

What is demand characteristics and where is it commonly seen?

A

Acting differently because you are being watched

In a lab

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17
Q

What does an experimental study generate?

A

Cause-effect questions

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18
Q

What does non-experimental studies generate?

A

correlation studies

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19
Q

True or False: correlation always equals causation

A

cap

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20
Q

What did Stanley Milgrams Obedience Experiment study?

A

obedience toward authority

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21
Q

What did Norman Triplett study?

A

first social & sport psych exp.

effects of others on performance

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22
Q

Who set the groundwork for Social Facilitation Theory?

A

Norman Triplett

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23
Q

What did Muzfer Sherif’s Cave Study examine?

A

intergroup conflict & competition

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24
Q

What is social influence?

A

real or imagined pressure to change one’s behaviour, attitude, or beliefs

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25
What are the responses to group pressure?
Conformity-change in behaviour or belief toward a group Independence-resistance or avoidance Anticonformity-direct opposition to group norms (sabotage)
26
What is a social group?
a collectivity that has psychological implication for the individual
27
What is legitimate power?
based on one's socially sanctioned claim to a position/role that gives the right to power
28
Expert power?
assumption that the power holder possesses superior skills and abilities
29
Reward power?
control over the distribution of rewards given to individuals
30
Coercive power?
ability to punish/threaten others who dont comply with requests/demands
31
Referent power?
based on ones identification with, attraction to, or respect for the powerholder
32
What is social support?
percevied comfort, caring, assistance, & information that a person receives from others
33
Instrumental support?
practical assistance that will help a person achieve goals
34
Emotional support?
expressions of encouragement, caring, empathy, concern toward a person
35
Informational support?
giving directions, advice, or suggestions, providing feedback regarding progress
36
Companionship support?
availability of persons within one's social network
37
Validation support?
comparing oneself with others to gauge progress and confirm that one's thoughts, feelings, problems, and experiences are normal
38
What happens when you pressure or make family members feel guilty about exercise?
decreased PA
39
What is behavioural reactance?
people respond in a direction opposite to the direction being advocated
40
What tends to happen with reward power for PA?
encourages initial attendance, not effective over long term
41
What increases exercise intentions in a family?
social support
42
What is motivation?
internal/external forces that produce the initiation, direction, & persistence of behaviour
43
What are the 3 components of motivation?
Direction of effort Intensity of effort Persistence
44
What is intrinsic motivation ?
engaging in behaviours because of interest & enjoyment
45
What is extrinsic motivation?
engaging in behvaiours to attain rewards or outcomes that lie outside the activity
46
What are the views of motivation?
Trait-centered: individual characteristics Situation-centered: environmental factors critical Interaction-centered: interaction between personal & environmental factors
47
What are the approaches to understanding motivation for behavioural change?
Behaviour approaches Cognitive approaches Cognitive-behavioural approaches
48
Who are the founders of behaviourism?
Watson and Skinner
49
What is the behaviour approach?
focuses on conditioning | learning from the environment determines peoples action
50
What is operant conditioning?
behaviours associated with consequences learned through reinforcement or punishment
51
What is reinforcement and its two types?
any factor that increases frequency of behaviour positive=factor that increases behaviour negative=removal of any factor that increases behaviour
52
What is punishment?
any factor that decreases frequency of behaviour
53
What is vicarious conditioning?
results from observing others
54
Who is the founder of the cognitive approach?
Aaron Beck
55
What is the cognitive approach?
emphasizes thought patterns & cognitive habits as causes of behaviour individuals interpretation of external environment has powerful influence on behaviour
56
What is the locus of control in attribution theory?
internal=ability and effort | external=task difficulty and luck
57
What is stability?
stable=ability and task difficulty | unstable=effort and luck
58
What do we tend to do when an outcome is different from experience?
endorse an unstable attribution
59
What do we tend to do when an outcome is expercted?
endorse a stable attribution
60
What is unstable from game to game?
effort
61
What is the Social Cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura Describes the factors that affect & determine behaviour Key component is self-efficacy
62
What is self-determination theory?
extent to which behaviours are undertaken from an individuals own choice vs controlled by something external
63
What makes up the self-determination theory's motivational continuum
amotivation=absence of motivation external regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, fulfilling a demand Introjected regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, avoid negative emotions, enhance positive emotions, maintain self-worth Identified regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, activity is linked to important goals that stem from the activity Integrated regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, activity is symbolic of identity Intrinsic regulation=activity is satisfying
64
Who is the founder of cognitive-behavioural approaches?
Donald Meichenbaum
65
What are cognitive-behavioural approaches based on?
cognitive emotions influence behaviour | behaviour can affect thoughts and emotions
66
Examples of behavioural-cognitive approaches?
Goal setting | Feedback
67
What does the SMART principle stand for?
``` Specific Measureable Adjustable Realistic Timely ```

KIN 122 (5 decks)

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