Module 4 - Respiratory System Flashcards
What is a part of the upper and lower anatomical respiratory tract?
upper: nasal cavity, pharynx, (larynx)
lower: (larynx), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What makes up the upper and lower functional tracts and what are their function?
upper (conduction): nose to terminal bronchioles
lower (gas exchange): respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
What happens to the respiratory epithelium as it goes from bronchus to alveoli?
becomes respiratory membrane
pseudostratified becomes simple
smooth muscle is incomplete in bronchi and complete in bronchioles
How is air modified?
Filtration: vibrissae (nose hairs, remove large particles), muco-ciliary escalator, dust cells
Humidification: upper airways lined with vascularized mucosa, inhaled air saturated with water on way through
Warming: venous plexus in nasal mucosa, heat transfer from warm blood
What is pulmonary ventilation?
inhalation and exhalation
What is external and internal respiration?
External respiration: exchange between air and blood
Internal respiration: exchange between blood and tissues
What is Boyle’s Law?
pressure and volume are proportionate and inverse of each other
What pressure gradients occur between atmosphere, and alveoli?
atmosphere is 760 mmHg, a 2mmHg alveolar pressure gradient is enough for air movement
What is the function of pleura and pleural fluid?
Pleura: keeps alveoli open (surface tension)
Pleural fluid: reduces friction
How is breathing regulated by the CNS? (PRG, DRG, VRG)
PRG- pons, communicates with RS in medulla oblongata, smooth breathing
Medulla oblongata
DRG (dorsal)- inspiratory centre, triggers inhalation
VRG (ventral)- secondary to DRG, monitors rhythmicity of breathing, expiratory (and inspiratory) centre
What is the Herring-Breur reflex?
prevents over distension of lungs, inhibits inhalation, response to signal from stretch receptors
What are the types of alveolar epithelium and what do they do?
Type I (simple squamous) and Type II (surfactant secreting)
What is Dalton’s Law?
total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases
What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2?
check notes
What is the respiratory minute volume?
vol. air moved each minute
What is the total lung capacity?
amount of air in lung at full inspiration (TV+IRV+ERV+RV)
What is tidal volume?
vol. air each breath
What are the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes?
Inspiratory reserve volume: volume that can be max inspired beyond normal tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume: volume max expired after normal
What is the residual volume?
vol. remaining after max exhalation
What is the vital capacity?
vol. exhaled after max inhale (VC= ERV+TV+IRV)
What is the inspiratory capacity?
vol. expired from max inspiration to end of normal (IC= TV+IRV)
What is the functional residual capacity?
vol. remaining in lung after normal TV expiration (FRC= ERV+RV)
What is compliance and resistance?
Compliance: measure of ease of inhalation/stretch
Resistance: force required to inflate/deflate lungs
What is cystic fibrosis?
congenital, accumulation of thick mucus, inflammation, no cure
