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Human Biology IB > Module 1 - Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Module 1 - Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of the GIT and what do they consist of?

A

mucosa (epithelium and loose CT, sometimes goblet cells and microvilli)
sub mucosa (blood vessels, nerves, dense CT, glands for extra mucus)
muscularis (epithelium + loose CT)

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2
Q

What digestive enzymes are present in the mouth?

A 
amylase (starch)
lingual lipase (triglycerides)
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3
Q

How many salivary glands do we have? How much saliva do we produce a day and what is it for?

A

3 paired salivary glands
1-1.5 L
wets food, dissolves food, buffers acidity, enzymes, antibacterial, rinses mouth

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4
Q

Where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea?

A

posterior to trachea

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5
Q

Stomach: what do chief cells do? (3)

A

secrete pepsinogen (converted to pepsin by HCl)
degrades proteins
secretes gastric lipase

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6
Q

Stomach: what do enteroendocrine cells do? (4)

A

secrete gastrin
stimulates HCl secretion
stomach motility
relaxes pyloric sphincter

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7
Q

Stomach: what are the folds in the stomach called and what is their purpose?

A

rugae

expansion

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8
Q

Stomach: what does intrinsic factor do?

A

allows for vitamin B12 absorption

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9
Q

Stomach: what do parietal cells do?

A 
secrete HCl (kill microbes and denature proteins)
secretes intrinsic factor
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10
Q

Stomach: what are the four parts and where are they located?

A

cardia (near top entrance)
fundus (top at wall)
body (middle)
pylorus (bottom near opening)

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11
Q

What type of epithelium is in the esophagus and what types of muscle layers?

A

stratified squamous

inner circular, outer longitudinal

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12
Q

What type of epithelium is in the stomach and what types of muscle layers? Glands or villi?

A

simple columnar with microvilli and goblet cells
oblique, circular, longitudinal
glands

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is in the small intestine, what is in the submucosa and what types of muscle layers? Glands or villi?

A

simple columnar with microvilli and goblet cells
glands in submucosa
inner circular, outer longitudinal
villi

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14
Q

What type of epithelium is in the large intestine and what types of muscle layers? Glands or villi?

A

simple columnar with microvilli and goblet cells
inner circular, outer longitudinal
glands

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15
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum (25cm), jejunum (1m), ileum (2m)

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16
Q

What increases the surface area in the small intestine? (4)

A

long
circular folds in wall (plicae circularis)
villi
microvilli

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17
Q

What is does the muscle in the small intestine do?

A

peristalsis

segmentation (mixing of chyme with juices)

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18
Q

What are the four regions of the large intestine?

A

cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon

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19
Q

What does the large intestine have on the outside and what are the pouches called?

A

strips of longitudinal muscle (teniae coli)

pouches (haustra)

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20
Q

What does bacteria break down in the large intestine?

A

ferments carbohydrates (CO2 and methane released)

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21
Q

What is broken down in large intestine, brown in colour when broken down (to what?) and what is it derived from?

A

bilirubin broken down to urobilinogen

derived from old red blood cells in liver

22
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Na+
Cl-
H2O

23
Q

What is faeces made up of?

A

undigested food (cellulose)
dead epithelial cells
bacteria

24
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

right (front)
left (front)
caudate (back)
quadrate (back)

25
Q

What is the ligament running through the middle of the front of the liver called?

A

round ligament

26
Q

What are the four things leaving/entering the liver? And what do they carry?

A 
hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich blood arrives from GIT)
hepatic artery (O2 rich blood from heart)
bile duct (bile sent to duodenum and gallbladder)
vena cava (used blood sent to heart)
27
Q

What cells make bile? What else do they do?

A

hepatocytes

also filter and process blood

28
Q

What does gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile

29
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

water
sodium bicarbonate (neutralize stomach acid)
digestive enzymes

30
Q

What does bile contain?

A

minerals, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts (emulsify fats), bile pigments (bilirubin)

31
Q

What is jaundice? What is it caused by?

A

yellowing of skin or sclera
build up of bilirubin due to excess production, liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis, blockage of bile duct by gallstone, or being an infant

32
Q

What is the basel metabolic rate?

A

minimum amount of energy needed to sustain organs

33
Q

What is the thermic effect of food?

A

energy used to digest food
peaks 2-3 hours after eating
lipids increase BMR by 4%, proteins by 30%

34
Q

What is the metabolic rate affected by?

A 
amount of muscles vs fat
physical activity
gender
body size
thyroid activity
environmental temp.
illness
genes age
dieting
35
Q

What is the term if the energy intake = output is stable?

A

set point

36
Q

What structure in the brain controls hunger?

A

hypothalamus

37
Q

What are the two short term regulators of hunger?

A

ghrelin: secreted by empty stomach, hungry

peptide YY: secreted by colon when food enters stomach, not hungry

38
Q

What is the long term regulator of hunger?

A

leptin: secreted by adipocytes

more adipocytes = more leptin = less weight gain

39
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

muscle
liver
blood

40
Q

What is the RDA of carbohydrates?

A

175g/day

41
Q

What type of carbohydrates are only absorbed in the GIT?

A

monosaccharides

42
Q

What are the four types of lipids? plus examples

A

triglycerides (fat and oil)
fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated)
phospholipids (cell membranes)
steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones)

43
Q

What percentage of resting energy needs can be maintained by fat?

A

80-90%

44
Q

How are lipids transported?

A

surrounded by proteins because they are lipophobic

45
Q

What are the four types of lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons, very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein

46
Q

Where do chylomicrons travel?

A

cells goes to lymphatic vessel/blood/liver

47
Q

What are very low density lipoproteins?

A

liver strips away chylomicrons and surrounds fat and cholesterol with VLDL’s –> blood vessel —> adipose tissue (VLDL empties out fat and is left with cholesterol which is LDL)

48
Q

What are low density lipoproteins?

A

LDL’s containing cholesterol –> blood vessel (tend to stick to walls, bad, liver fixes it by creating HDL’s)

49
Q

What are high density lipoproteins?

A

empty sacs that are released into circulation to collect LDL’s and take them to liver to break down (good)

50
Q

Is protein stored for future use? What is it used for?

A

no
broken into amino acids to make ATP or new proteins
excess converted to glucose or lipids for storage

Human Biology IB (6 decks)

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