Module 3 - Circulatory System Flashcards by Emily Whyatt

What are the three constituents of blood once spun?

plasma
buffy coat
RBC

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What are the 5 types of leukocytes + basic function?

Neutrophils: bacterial infection
	Lymphocytes: immune
	Monocytes: macrophages
	Eosinophils: parasitic infections
	Basophils: histamine

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What are platelets derived from?

fragments of megakaryocytes

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What 3 things do platelets contain?

albumins (transport steroid + thyroid hormones), globulins (transport iron, lipids, vitamins, antibodies), clotting proteins (fibrinogen + prothrombin = coagulation)

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What are the four stages of haemostasis?

Injury
Spasm
Platelet plug (soluble)
Fibrin clot (insoluble)

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Where does haematopoiesis occur, what stimulates it?

red bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cells, when there is not enough oxygen in blood there is a release of erythropoietin which stimulates this process

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Who is the universal donor and who is the universal acceptor?

donor: O-
acceptor: AB+

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What are the three layers of a vessel wall and what do they contain?

Adventitia: CT prevents over distension
Media: contraction + relaxation of smooth muscle
Intima: smooth endothelial surface + simple squamous for exchange

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What are the three types of arteries?

Elastic- closer to heart, high pressure
Arterioles: thick wall relative to lumen, reduce BP for capillaries
Muscular: more smooth muscle

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What do the aorta and pulmonary artery carry?

aorta (arch, ascending, descending, thoracic, abdominal): oxygenated blood to body via LV
pulmonary artery: deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs, left/right is pulmonary trunk

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What is the prominent layer in veins?

adventitia

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What doe the vena cavae and pulmonary vein carry?

vena cavae: superior + inferior, deoxygenated blood from body to RA
pulmonary vein: oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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Valves are extensions of which layer?

intima

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What are the three mechanisms of venous return?

Venous pressure (high in venules, low in vena ava entering heart)
Respiratory pump
Muscle pump (squeezes veins)

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What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous: tight junctions between cells
Fenestrated: many pores
Sinusoids/discontinuous: very large fenestrations

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What are the three layers of the heart wall and what are they made up of?

Endocardium: innermost, endothelium + CT
Myocardium: cardiac muscle, bulk of wall, intercalated discs
Epicardium: outermost, CT covered by mesothelium, visceral layer of serous fluid

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What are the layers of the pericardium?

Pericardium: forms pericardial sac
Outer fibrous (dense irregular CT), parietal, serous, pericardial cavity, visceral (closest to myocardium)

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Describe the structure of the cuspid valves.

chordae tendinae are thin and connect valve to wall/papillary muscles

When do semilunar valves open and close?

atrium to ventricles, open when ventricular > atrial pressure, close when ventricles contract and blood pushes against underside of cusps

What is the heart valve memory tool?

Toilet Paper My Ass

Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic

What are the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Pulmonary circuit: RV to lungs to heart

Systemic circuit: heart to body to heart

What are the three methods used to aid foetal circulation?

Foreman ovale: opening in heart wall, RA to LA, circumvents lungs
Ductus arteriosus: connects pulmonary artery and descending aorta
Ductus venosus: umbilical vein to foetal vena cava, circumvents liver

What is the pacemaker otherwise called and what does it do? And what happens next?

SA node
generates AP

to AV node then Purkinje fibres

What is systole?

Systole: contraction, decreased volume, increased pressure, valves open, 0.3 seconds

What is diastole?

Diastole: relaxation, increased volume, decreased pressure, chamber fills, 0.5 seconds

What do the five stages of the cardiac cycle involve?

1. Atrial systole: atria fill, contract, increase in pressure, and valves open so blood flows to ventricles 2. Early ventricular systole: atria relax (diastole), atrium volume increase so pressure decrease, ventricles start contracting, AV valves close, semilunar valves still closed, NO MOVEMENT OF BLOOD (ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION) 3. Late ventricular systole: ventricle pressure increases as ventricles hold blood, semilunar open, blood forced out of ventricles to arteries 4. Early ventricular diastole: ventricular muscles contract, blood flows back into valve cusps, semilunar valves shut, BUT ventricular pressure > atrial pressure, AV valves closed, ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION 5. Late ventricular diastole: all chambers relaxed (diastole), ventricular < atrial pressure, AV valves open, atria rapidly fill with blood, passive flow from veins to atria to ventricles, atria + ventricular filling occurs (70%), next cycle begins, atria contract

What are the waves on an electrocardiogram and what do they show?

P wave: atrial depolarization QRS complex: ventricular depolarization T wave: ventricular repolarisation

What do the systolic and diastolic aspects of BP show?

Systolic (during ventricular systole), diastolic (just prior to opening of AV valve)

How is CO measured and what is it regulated by?

CO = SV x HR (L/min) (regulated by oxygen requirements and capacity of vessels)

What do the different nodes, muscle and vessels regulate?

``` Rate of signal: SA node Conduction velocity: AV node Contractility/force: cardiac muscle Relaxation/speed: cardiac muscle Vasoconstriction/dilation: blood vessels ```

What are other regulators of blood pressure/flow?

(intrinsic/extrinsic (baro (arch/carotid)/chemoreceptors (peripheral aortic/carotid), medulla oblongata (CV centre, chemo/baro received), endocrine (can override NS))

What hormones affect BP + BV?

Endocrine: adrenaline (constrict + dilate), ADH (increase BP), angiotensin II (increases BP), atrial natriuretic peptide (decreases BP)

What is lymph derived from?

plasma filtrate

What is the path of lymph?

Capillaries to interstitial space to lymph vessels to lymph nodes (materials removed before releasing to blood) to lymph vessels to blood

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

bone marrow, thymus (T cell factory), spleen (filters blood, lymphocyte maturation), lymph nodes (filtration, produce lymphocytes)

What are three blood disorders?

anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis

What is coronary heart disease?

blockage of coronary arteries

What is atherosclerosis?

build-up of plaque in arteries

What is myocardial infarction and angina?

myocardial infarction (blockage of vessel), angina (temporary blockage)

What is cardiomyopathy?

muscle becomes thick and stiff

What is cerebrovascular disease? (stroke)

blockage of vessel in brain

What is rheumatic heart disease?

inflammation and damage to valves

What is congenital heart disease?

problem in structure of heart present at birth