Module 4 - Religious Structures & Processes Part 2 Flashcards
Key People in the English Reformation
Provide a brief description of Henry VIII
Henry VIII of England was a devout Catholic, earning the title ‘Defender of the Faith’ in 1521 from Pope Leo X for his book on the sacraments.
Who was Henry VIII’s first wife?
He married his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon, but after only one of their six children survived, he sought an annulment, believing he needed a male heir to secure his dynasty.
What did Henry do after his annulment was rejected?
The annulment was initially rejected by Pope Clement VII, leading Henry to reject papal authority and declare himself Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534.
Who annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine?
His marriage to Catherine was annulled by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in 1533, shortly before he married Anne Boleyn
How did London, England play a significant part in the English Reformation?
London was the centre of Henry’s court, where he dissolved monasteries, notably Westminster Abbey, which became a cathedral.
It is also known for the execution of St. Thomas More at the Tower of London in 1535 for refusing to recognise Henry as the head of the Church.
Who was Pope Clement VII?
Pope Clement VII served as the 218th pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1523 to 1534.
He was a member of the Medici family and faced significant challenges during his papacy, including being held hostage for several months during the Sack of Rome in 1527 and dealing with the rise of Protestantism.
What role did Rome, Papal States play in the English Reformation?
As pope, Clement VII was the supreme head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States, which were governed as a theocratic monarchy.
He held supreme power over both the Church and the state, including territories in Italy where he had sovereignty.
What territories did the Pope have sovereignty in Italy?
This included the Republic of Saint Peter, the Church States, and the Pontifical States.
Who was Charles V?
Charles V was a devout Catholic and held the titles of King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor.
He inherited a vast empire from his parents and opposed the Protestant Reformation.
His territory included Spanish colonies in Mexico and South America.
What were some key events in Charles V’s life?
In 1527, his troops sacked Rome, capturing Pope Clement VII.
In 1530, he married his cousin Isabella of Portugal and was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope.
By 1530, Charles sought to protect his aunt Catherine of Aragon’s honour while maintaining Catholic dominance amid the rise of Martin Luther and the Reformation
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
Catherine was a devout Catholic, born on December 16, 1485, in Alcala del Henares, Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Spanish rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
Describe Catherine’s marriage to Henry VIII
Catherine was the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. Between 1510 and 1518 she gave birth to 6 kids, but only one (Mary) survived. Henry separated from Catherine in July 1531 after a marriage that lasted 24 years.
Why didn’t Catherine want the annulment?
Catherine believed being Queen of England was her divine duty because she made a promise to God to be Henry’s wife.
She also wanted to protect Mary from being declared illegitimate.
In court, she swore publicly that she had never consummated her marriage to Arthur,
Who was St Thomas More?
St Thomas More was a Roman Catholic English lawyer, philosopher, statesman and writer, best known for his book Utopia and his opposition to King Henry VIII’s separation from the Catholic Church.
Why was St Thomas More executed?
He was executed on July 6, 1535, because he strongly opposed Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church and his establishment of the Church of England. He refused to recognise Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn and the Act of Supremacy, leading to his arrest and execution.
How is St Thomas More remembered today?
St Thomas More is venerated as a martyr and a defender of Catholicism. He is considered the patron saint of lawyers, politicians and statesmen.
Who is Bishop St John Fisher?
A roman catholic bishop, cardinal and theologian who defended catholic doctrine against King Henry’s break from Rome.
He was the Bishop of Rochester and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.
Why was Bishop St John Fisher executed?
He opposed Henry’s divorce and refused to acknowledge him as the supreme head of the Church of England. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1534, before his beheading a year later in June 1535.
How is Bishop St John Fisher remembered today?
He was canonised in 1935 by Pope Pius XI and shares a feast day with St Thomas More. He was venerated as a martyr for his unwavering faith.
Who was Archbishop Thomas Cranmer?
A protestant, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. He supported Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church. He was the Author of the Book of Common Prayer, shaping Anglican worship. Under Edward VI, he advanced Protestant reforms.
Why was Cranmer executed?
Under Queen Mary I, he was imprisoned, forced to recant and later executed by burning at the stake in 1556. He is remembered as a Protestant martyr.
Who was Queen Mary I of England?
A roman catholic monarch who ruled from 1553 to 1558. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She sought to reverse the English Reformation and restore Catholicism.
What were the effects of Queen Mary I of England’s rule?
This led to the execution and persecution of many protestants landing her the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’. Her marriage to Philip II of Spain was unpopular and her reign was marked by religious turmoil. Her catholic restoration was undone by Elizabeth I.
Who was Queen Elizabeth I of England?
A protestant monarch who ruled from 1558 to 1603. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She was known as ‘The Virgin Queen’ because she never married.
What was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement?
It made the Church of England the national faith while allowing Catholicism.
What was the effect of Queen Elizabeth I of England’s rule?
She restored Protestantism in England after the Catholic reign of Mary I, through the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, solidifying England’s status as a global power.
Saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, flourishing English culture in the Elizabethan era.
