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Ecology > Module 4 Quiz > Flashcards

Module 4 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Black-tipped Hangingfly courtship ritual gains for each sex

A

males: increases fitness with longer matings, sperm # increase
females: larger prey gifts = gain energy and spend less time foraging

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2
Q

Variance to Mean Ratio formula

A

s2 / mean

first you do SS (number - average )^2 and do this for each value

at the end add it together for the sum SS

s2 = SS (n-1)

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3
Q

which of the dispersion patterns functions as a null hypothesis

A

random

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4
Q

biological population

A

group of interacting individuals

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5
Q

promiscuous

A

mating: both male + females have mulitple partners

parental care: varies

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6
Q

what type of niche is associated with bioitic interactions

A

realized niche

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7
Q

Index of Aggregation

A > 2

A

distribution is aggregrated (clumped)

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8
Q

examples/characteristics of species with broad distribution

A

humans

e. coli

norway rats

migrating species

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9
Q

Black-tipped Hangingfly courtship ritual costs

A

males: increase time spent foraging

increase risk of predation

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10
Q

distance methods

A

establish transect through habitat

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11
Q

genet

A

genetically different individuals

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12
Q

Plot methods

A

establish plots of known sizes, and then count the number of

individuals in each plot

accurate, time consuming

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13
Q

polygynous

A

mating: male + many females

parental care: female

males fight for territories or control resources

commn when resources are clumped

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14
Q

factors that influence distribution and abduance

A

habitat suitability

biotic influences

historical influences

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15
Q

crypsis

A

organism resembles its background

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16
Q

historical influences

A

plate tectonics = evolutionary history

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17
Q

sexual selection

A

traits that are advantegous for mating

does not adapt the individuals to their environment

frequently result in sexual dimorphism due to selective pressures

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18
Q

aggressive mimicry

A

manipulate the behaviour of their prey by making signals

avoid being correctly identified by their prey or host.

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19
Q

mark -recapture

A

used to estimate the size of a population where you can’t count each indvidual

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20
Q

How do firefly species utilize bioluminescence?

A

species recognition for mating

warn predators

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21
Q

tolerance range

A

ultimate dictaors of distribution

zones of physiogical stress greatly influence abduance

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22
Q

regular distribution

A

resources spaced evenly

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23
Q

Distribution and Abundance are dynamically both

A

spatial and temporal

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24
Q

ultimate mechanism

A

why the behavior occured?

adaptive value

phylogeny

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25
Q

bioluminescence

A

production and emission of light by a living organism

camoflauge

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26
Q

Lincoln - Peterson Index

Confidence Interval

A

(1.96)(SEN*)

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27
Q

Index of Aggregation

If A = 2

A

distribution is random

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28
Q

biotic interactions

A

dependent on other organisms

other species can limit suitable habitat

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29
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

males and females of the same species appear externally different

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30
Q

mimicry

A

organism resembles another

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31
Q

Dispersion

A

movement of individuals from one place to another.

32
Q

line transects

A

measures distance to individuals and who visible from transect line

33
Q

kelp forests benefits

A

increase productivity

archeicture

stop costal erosion

34
Q

random distribution

A

unpredictable spacing

uncommon

35
Q

IF

s2 / average > 1

A

clumped/aggregate

36
Q

To get Actual population size (maximum) or (minimum)

A

Subtract N +/- confidence interval

37
Q

Plotless methods

A

measuring the distance from randomly established points in the habitat to the nearest individual in the population

extremely accurate, less time

38
Q

intersexual selection

A

between sex interactions

female choice of mate

39
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

exhibition of similar characteristics by similar species to avoid predators

40
Q

IF

s2 / average = 1

41
Q

Lincoln-Peterson Index

A

N* = M (C + 1) / R + 1

M = individuals marked in 1st sampling

C = individuals captured in 2nd sampling

R = recaptured individuals (marked) in 2nd sampling

42
Q

Index of Aggregation

If A < 2

A

distribution is uniform

43
Q

floater males

A

subordinate, smaller males

44
Q

Index of Aggregation (A)

A

A = (number of points + 1) (sum of di4 of all points)

sum of all points of (di2 )2

45
Q

ramet

A

physiological individual

46
Q

how clonal organisms complicate abundance measurements

A

complicate population counts

47
Q

examples of species with limited distributions

A

endemic species

48
Q

intrasexual selection

A

within sex interaction

male-male competition for mates

49
Q

proximate mechanism

A

how the behavior occurred

ontogeny

50
Q

clumped distrubtion

A

resources are in patches

most common

51
Q

concerns/issues associated with endemic species with limited ranges?

A

high risk extinction

52
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of the movement

53
Q

dispersal limitation

A

evolutionary history

impedes movement or colonization

54
Q

what type of niche is associated with historical influences

A

dispersal limitation

55
Q

abduance based on

A

individuals

56
Q

Lincoln-Peterson Index

Standard Error (SE)

A

SE N* = take the square root M2(C + 1)(C - R) ————————————————-

(R + 1)2(R +2)

57
Q

kelp forests is a productive ecosystem due to

A

upwellings + kelp

58
Q

three main types of dispersion patterns

A

random

clumped

regular

59
Q

Tessellated Darter

A

parental care: males care for other male nests for enticement

mating system: polyandrous

proximate:

ultimate:

60
Q

metapopulation

A

collection of smaller isolated population

61
Q

monogamous

A

mating: male + 1 female

parental care: both sexes

62
Q

T test for Index of Aggregation to determine whether A is significantly different than 2

A

t = 4(n - 1) ÷ [(n+2)(n + 3)]

63
Q

quadrat count

A

pick “x” # of quadrats at random

count # of individuals in each

estimates averagae to overall area of habitat

64
Q

IF

s2 / x < 1

A

regular/uniform

65
Q

polyandrous

A

mating: female + many males

parental care: males

females fight for territories or control resources

66
Q

batesian mimicry

A

exhibition of the characteristics of a dangerous species by a harmless species to avoid predators

67
Q

metapopulation and patches

A

patches quality difference

dispersal common between patches

68
Q

Variance to Mean ratio

A

quantify dispersion patterns for plot methods

69
Q

area based counts

A

divides habitat into quadrats

specific parameter of quadrats dependent on species

70
Q

habitat suitability and ranges

A

influenced by abiotic factors

tolerance ranges

71
Q

how clonal organisms can form

A

runners

parthenogensis

budding

72
Q

dominant males

A

mate mutiple times with different mates

73
Q

Assumptions of measuring abundance

A

work better for sessile organisms

74
Q

Black-tipped Hangingfly males courtship

A

males captures prey to give to females (intersexual selection)

release phermones to entice females

75
Q

what niche is associated with habitat suitability

A

fundamental niche

76
Q

To test if dispersion is nonrandom

A

t = [(s2 / average ) – 1] / [√2 / (n-1)]

77
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals

Ecology (4 decks)

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