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Ecology > Module 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Module 2 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

How does orbit and tilt of earth cause seasons

A

The earth’s spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane.

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2
Q

greenhouse effect

A

energy from a planet’s sun goes through its atmosphere and warms the planet’s surface, but the atmosphere prevents the heat from returning directly to space, resulting in a warmer planet

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3
Q

Major patterns associated with prevailing winds

A

trade winds - winds blowing toward the equator from the high-pressure zones are deflected to the west

westerlies- Winds blowing toward the poles from those zones of high pressure are deflected to the east

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4
Q

mountain range effect

A

The temperature gets colder the higher up the mountain you go

altitude increases, the air becomes thinner and is less able to absorb and retain heat.

cooler the temperature the less evaporation there is, so there is more moisture in the air too.

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5
Q

name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant:

evergreen trees

A

Tropical Rainforest

Temperature Coniferous Forest

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6
Q

vegetation effects

A

influence how the ground surface interacts with solar radiation and wind and how much water it loses to the atmosphere.

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7
Q

how scientists are able to take direct measurements about the earth’s climate from 10,000 years ago

A

Scientists take ice cores where they are able to find air bubbles of ancient atmospheres to determine the greenhouse gas concentration to find out how hot the world was.

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8
Q

earth’s main 3 climate zones

A

polar

tropical

temperate

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9
Q

Milankovitch cycles include

A

shape of earth’s orbit, tilt of earth’s axis and celestial direction of earth’s axis and influence climate

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10
Q

Long term climate conditions are associated with

A

amount of incoming solar radiation and concentration of green house gases

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11
Q

how Milankovitch cycles influence climate

A

by affecting the amount of sunlight and therefore, energy, that Earth absorbs from the Sun

contribute to increased global warming

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12
Q

What is the reason of difference in climate of equator and poles?

A

equator is closer to the Sun than the North Pole = uneven heating

direction of the Earth’s poles = causes the difference in energy received at the Equator and the poles.

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13
Q

Equator and poles impact precipitation

A

higher latitudes and poles = low precipitaiton

closer to the equator - more precipitation

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14
Q

consequences of habitat change

A

loss of biodiversity

decrease in ecosystem goods and services

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15
Q

Types of temperature cells

A

Hadley

Polar

Ferrell

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16
Q

What regions experience vertical mixing and why do these occur?

A

warmer water cools ans sinks in Northern Atlantic

colder water moves southwatd along ocean floor

in areas where prevailing winds between pareallel land mass moves H2O away from the coast

WHY: Allows colder, deeper H2O to return to surafce (subsidence)

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17
Q

What are Polar Cells?

A

cold polar air mixes with tropical air and uplifts ~60 degrees N/S

water vapor condenses = winter precipitation

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18
Q

thermocline

A

zone of rapid temperature decline

transition layer between warmer mixed water at the ocean’s surface and cooler deep water below

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19
Q

What four major environments/factors do scientists include in their climate models?

A

land, sea, air, and ice

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20
Q

name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant:

grasses

A

Tropical Grassland

Temperate Grassland

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21
Q

Prevailing winds

A

Atmospheric circulation

predicatable with high to low pressure movement along the ground

drives oceanic currents

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22
Q

biomes that have minimal temperature fluctuation

A

Tropical Grassland

Tropical Rainforest

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23
Q

albedo

A

amount of solar radiation that a surface reflects

influenced by the presence and type of vegetation as well as by soil and topography.

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24
Q

Hardley and Polar Cells effects on global circulation patterns

A

unusal climate conditions

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25
Q

Hadley Cells Subsidence

A

creates warm, dry deserts

occurs at 30 degrees N/S

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26
Q

types of vegetation effects

A

albedo and evapotranspiration

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27
Q

evapotranspiration

A

sum of water loss by transpiration and by evaporation

transfers energy (latent heat) as well as water into the atmosphere, thereby reducing air temperature and soil moisture

28
Q

Subsidence

A

creates a high pressure area

downward or upward motion of air in the atmosphere

equilbirum in the air temperature

29
Q

Atmospheric upwelling

A

currents bring deep, cold nutrient-rich water to the surface of the ocean

results of winds and earth rotation

30
Q

mountain uplifting

A

due to differences in solar heating of the ground surface

reults in air pockets that are warmer than the surrounding air.

31
Q

name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant:

low-growing shrubs, sedges, and mosses

A

tundra

32
Q

maritime climate

A

influnced by nearby ocean

cool summer, mild winter

less extreme climate

33
Q

Incoming solar radiation

A

part reaches surface and the rest gets reflected

~50 % absorbed

34
Q

continental climates

A

influenced by nearby land

hot summer, cold winter

more extreme climate

35
Q

Uneven heating of the Earth due to

A

the curvature of the Earth

36
Q

Stratification

A

layering of water in oceans,lakes due to differences in

density, with temperature/salinity

37
Q

temperature gradient

A

temperature changes across the surface causes difference in air pressure

stronger between poles and equator in the winter due to minimum of light

38
Q

biomes that have (comparatively) colder temperatures

A

tundra

Boreal Forest

39
Q

Turnover in lake

A

important for recycling of the nutrients that are lost from the epilimnion during summer.

occurs again in spring when the surface ice melts and the lake water has a uniform density once again.

40
Q

Polar Cells Subsidence

A

creates very dry polar desers

occurs at the poles (90 degrees N/S)

41
Q

How are temperature and greenhouse gas concentration related?

A

greenhouse gas concentrations increase and global temperatures rise,

42
Q

epilimnion

A

surface layer

the warmest and contains active populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton

43
Q

how do we measure planet climate

A

ice drill

appartus

therometer

research vessels

44
Q

Prevailing winds is due to

A

global atmospheric circulation

difference in heat capacity between the oceans and the continents leads to seasonal changes in atmospheric pressure cells

45
Q

non-seasonal climate variations – El Niño causes

A

disease outbreaks, malnutrition, heat stress and respiratory diseases

46
Q

effect of greenhouse gases

A

changes in water temperature and ocean acidification

47
Q

name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant:

deciduous trees

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Tropical grasslands

48
Q

regional modifications influence climate by

A

regions will warm much more than others, some regions will receive more rainfall, while others are exposed to more frequent droughts

49
Q

large-scale deviations in latitudinal climate patterns is due to

A

loss of sea ice and changes in vegetation cover in the tropics

50
Q

What are Hadley Cells?

A

intense uplift of warm air at equator

Lot’s of H2O vapor in the air mass (rain precipitation)

Occurs in the TROPICS

51
Q

oceanic conveyor belt

A

A large system of interconnected surface and deep ocean currents that links the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans

an important means of transferring heat to the polar regions

helps balance climate

52
Q

human-induced climate change evidence

A

more fossil fuel carbons in the air and coral

warmer oceans

warmer nights

53
Q

non-seasonal climate variations – El Niño effects

A

climate change increases the frequency

intensifying droughts, worse floods, shift of hurricance patterns

54
Q

biomes that have variant precipitation (high during some months and low during others)

A

Tropical Grassland

Tropical Rainforest

55
Q

cold-air drainage

A

influences vegetation distributions in the temperate zones because of the higher frequency of subfreezing temperatures in low-lying areas

cold, dense air moving downslope and pooling in low-lying areas

56
Q

hypolimnion

A

stable layer of the densest, coldest water in the lake

57
Q

land masses complicate the prevailing windpatterns

A

more pronounced in the N. hemisphere

more pornounced with seasonal changes

58
Q

rain shadow effect

A

an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region

on the side facing away from prevailing winds, known as its leeward side.

59
Q

Seasonality on land

Tropical climate

Polar climate

Temperate climate

A

Polar- hevay glaciation

Temperate- soils and sediments at depth are permanently frozen (permafrost)

Tropical- warmland and lush vegetation

60
Q

Ferrell Cells are driven by

A

surrounding cells

61
Q

biomes that receive (comparatively) little precipitation

A

desert

tundra

62
Q

role of temperature in climate

A

warmer surface temperatures result in more fires, which burn forests, causing us to lose a carbon sink and releasing large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere.

63
Q

Seasonality

A

results from the tilt of Earth’s axis

summer/winter/fall/spring

64
Q

long-term variations are associated with – glacial cycles

A

differences in the amount of solar radiation received and the concentrations of greenhouse gases.

65
Q

portions of the human population are the most adversely affected by the consequences of climate change?

A

low-income

children

communities of color

older adults

Ecology (4 decks)

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