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Zoo Lec > Module 4 Platyhelminthes > Flashcards

Module 4 Platyhelminthes Flashcards

1
Q

A large clade that contains
almost all triploblastic animals

A

Bilateria

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2
Q

Bilaterian animals can be
further subdivided into two
clades:

A
  • Protostomes
  • Deuterostomes
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3
Q

Protostomes include:

A

○ Platyhelminthes
○ Annelida
○ Mollusca
○ Nematoda
○ Arthropoda

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4
Q

Deuterostomes include:

A

○ Echinodermata
○ Chordata

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5
Q

Bilateria is divided into 3 clades

A

○ Lophotrochozoa
○ Ecdysozoa
○ Deuterostomia

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6
Q

Protostome taxon that possess either a lophophore or a trochophore larva

A

Lophotrochozoa

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7
Q

_ is a crown of
ciliated tentacles found near
the mouth

A

Lophophore

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8
Q

Function of Lophopore

A

Used for feeding and
respiration

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9
Q

is a free-swimming larva with a ring of large ciliated cells in front of the mouth

A

trochophore

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10
Q

Function of trochopore

A

Primarily used for locomotion but can be used in feeding

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11
Q

True or False: Annelids and molluscs have a trochophore larva

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: Some taxa within Lophotrochozoa lack both a lophophore and a trochophore

A

True

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13
Q

Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Characteristics

A
  • Free-living and parasitic species
  • Dorsoventrally flattened bodies
  • Aceollmate (no body cavity)
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14
Q

Flatforms that are limited to moist areas

A

Terrestrial flatworms

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15
Q

True or False: Most free-living flatworms are aquatic;

A

True

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16
Q

True of False: Many parasitic flatworms have more than one host

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: first host is usually a vertebrate

A

False (invertebrate)

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18
Q

True or False: The final host is usually a vertebrate

A

True

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19
Q

Anatomy and Physiology: What kind of flatworms have ciliated epidermis?

A

Free-living flatworms

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20
Q

Flatworms that have non-ciliated epidermis

A

Parasitic flatworms

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21
Q

Free-living flatworms use their ciliated epidermis to?

A

Glide across surfaces

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22
Q

_ has dual-gland adhesive organs for attaching to surfaces and rhabdites

A

Epidermis

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23
Q

Rod-shaped structures that swell and form a protective mucous sheath

A

Rhabdites

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24
Q

Most parasitic flatworms have a ______ tegument

A

Syncytial tegument

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25
Q

What is syncytial tegument?

A
  • Multiple nuclei within one cell membrane
  • Larvae are ciliated and lose the cilia once a host is contacted
  • Tegument is resistant to immune response
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26
Q

True or False: Free-living flatworms are either predators or scavengers

A

True

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27
Q

Flatworms that feed on host tissue

A

Parasitic flatworms

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28
Q

True or False: Most flatworms have an incomplete digestive system

A

True

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29
Q

True or False: The intestine of a flatworm have 3 multi-branched trunks

A

True

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30
Q

True or False: Digestion is extracellular

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: Tapeworms completely lack a digestive system

A

True (they rely on host’s digestive systems)

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32
Q

Flatworms have a simple excretory system for waste fluids made up of _______.

A

Photonephridia

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33
Q

A flagellated flame cells that line tubules and directs waste

A

Photonephridia

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34
Q

Flatworms lack what systems?

A

Respiratory and Circulatory

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35
Q

Since Flatworms lack respiratory and circulatory system how are gas and nutrients exchanged?

A

Facilitated by diffusion and intercellular junctions

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36
Q

True or False: Flatworms lacking respiratory and circulatory system make their body plan flat

A

True

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37
Q

True or False: Flatworms have a simple nervous system

38
Q

Longitudinal nerve cords with transverse nerves forming a ____ pattern

39
Q

A large concentration of nerve cells can be found in ____ end

A

Anterior end

40
Q

Where are sensory cells found?

A

Anterior end

41
Q

True or False: Most flatworm species are monoecious/hermaphroditic

42
Q

True or False: In most flatworms, fertilization is usually internal

43
Q

Flatworms reproduce _____

A

Asexually via fission (common in flatworms)

44
Q

____ develops both male and female organs during breeding season.

A

Turbellarian

45
Q

True or False: Some aquatic species engage in penis fencing

46
Q

Process in which two aquatic species, such as worms, attempt to stab each other with their penis to inseminate

A

Penis fencing

47
Q

True or False: Parasitic flatworms have varied life cycles.

48
Q

True or False: Some parasitic worms have multiple bonds, some only have one

49
Q

True or False: Some parasitic worms only hatch after being consumed by the host.

50
Q

Flatworm Diversity: What are the four classes?

A
  • Turbellaria
  • Monogenea
  • Trematoda
  • Cestoda
51
Q

Mostly Free-living worms that inhabit marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial habitats. Its intestines can either have 3 branches (Tricladida) or more than 3 (Polycladida)

A

Turbellaria

52
Q

How do Turbellarians move?

A

They move in with a combination of cilia and muscular movements

53
Q

What planarians swim with their cilia

A

Small planarians

54
Q

These planarians crawl by using muscular undulations

A

Larger planarians and Terrestrial planarians

55
Q

Are internal parasites, have a life cycle that involves a primary host and one or more secondary hosts.

A

Trematoda (Flukes)

56
Q

What are the primary host and secondary host of a trematoda

A

Primary usually mollusks and secondary hosts are vertebrates

57
Q

They are the causative agent for several diseases such as Schistosomiasis

A

Trematodes

58
Q

Caused by the blood fluke (trematodes/trematoda) Schistosoma with snails as the primary host and humans as the secondary hosts

A

Schistosomiasis

59
Q

True or False: schistosomiasis is common in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in areas with poor water quality and sanitation

60
Q

True or False: a contact with infested water allows the larvae to enter the SKIN

61
Q

True or False: Schistosomiasis is prevalent in the PH (Philippines)

62
Q

Common in many East Asian regions; inhabit the bile ducts of humans and other mammals; can infect a snail, then a fish, then a mammal

A

Liver Flukes (Clonorchis sinensis)

63
Q

All of its species are parasitic and only have one host during their life cycle

64
Q

These are mainly external parasites of fish. They also attach to the host with hooks on a large posterior attachment organ (opisthaptor)

65
Q

True or False: Monogenea are used to be classified under Trematoda, but was recently assigned a new class.

66
Q

What new class is assigned to Monogenea?

A

They are closely related to Cestoda based on DNA

67
Q

These are internal parasites living in the digestive tract of the vertebrate host and most need at least 2 hosts

A

Cestoda (flatworms)

68
Q

True or False: Tapeworms have long flattened bodies with a scolex and a series of proglottids

69
Q

A structure with hooks and suckers for attaching to the host’s gut

70
Q

True or false: Scolex is a modification of the posterior end; It is not a head of a tapeworm.

71
Q

Segments that facilitate reproduction

A

Proglottids

72
Q

True or False: Mature Proglottids detach and are passed in the feces of the host.

73
Q

Chain of proglottids

74
Q

True of False: Proglottids contain both male and female reproductive system

75
Q

What system do tapeworms not have?

76
Q

True or False: Muscles of a tapeworm are well developed, and nervous and excretory systems are similar to those in other flatworms

77
Q

True or False: Tapeworms lack specialized sense organs

78
Q

True or False: Adult Tapeworms lack external cilia

79
Q

External surface of a tapeworm instead have structures similar to microvilli called

A

Microtriches

80
Q

Allow for more surface area for absorption

A

Microtriches

81
Q

How can a tapeworm infection occur?

A

Typical occurs through consumption of poorly cooked or uncooked pork, beef, and fish

82
Q

Most common tapeworm in humans

A

Taenia Saginata (beef tapeworm)

83
Q

True or False: Juveniles of Taenia Saginata live in intramuscular tissue of a cattle while adults live in the human intestine

84
Q

True or False: Taenia Saginata can reach 10m or more than in length. It also has 2000 proglottids

85
Q

These bear infective larvae that pass in feces.

A

Gravid Proglottids

86
Q

True or false: Embryos of a gravid proglottids can remain viable on grass for as long as 5 months

87
Q

Other Common Tapeworms:

A

Taenia Solium (Pork tapeworm)

88
Q

True or False: Larvae of a Taenia Solium develop in pig muscles then infect human intestines

89
Q

What will happen if a Taenia Solium’s (pork tapeworm) fertilized eggs are directly ingested by a human rather than a pig?

A

The brain, spinal cord, liver, muscles, or eyes (Cysticerosis) may be infected by the larvae

90
Q

True or false: Diphyllobothrium latum’s (fish tapeworm) immature stages develop in fish or crustaceans, mature individuals live in mammal intestines

91
Q

Largest fish tapeworm that can infect a humans

Zoo Lec (6 decks)

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