Module 3 Modern Evolutionary Theory and Systematics Flashcards
True or False: The main weakness of Darwin’s
initial theories was his inability to identify mechanisms of inheritance
True
The rediscovery of ________ filled in the gap of knowledge/weakness of Darwin’s theory
Mendel’s work
Modern evolutionary theory
factors in _______
Genetics, Paleontology, Biogeography,
Embryology, Animal Behavior, and Systematics
Alternative forms of a
gene
Allele
Combination of
alleles (hereditary types)
Genotype (Ex. AA, Aa, aa)
Visible characteristics of an organism
Phenotype
3 Mendelian laws of inheritance
● Law of dominance
● Law of segregation
● Law of independent assortment
In this law, in a heterozygote, one allele
would mask the phenotype of
the other
Law of dominance
This allele is expressed in both
homozygous and heterozygous individuals
Dominant
This allele is only expressed if the individual is homozygous for that allele
Recessive
True or False: Dominant alleles are noted as capital letters
True
Recessive alleles are noted as _______
Small letters
This law states that paired alleles that specify alternative phenotypes separate so each gamete receives only one allele
Law of segregation
This law states that genes found on different pairs of homologous chromosomes assort independently during meiosis
Law of independent
assortment
True or False: In law of independent assortment, inheritance of one gene does not affect others
True
True or False: Some genes do not follow
Mendelian laws
True
Give an example that does not follow Mendelian laws.
Ex. Multiple alleles (blood type), sex-linked inheritance (red-green color blindness)
______ is the study of
genetic change occurring within
natural populations
Microevolution
Occurence of different forms of an allele in a population
Polymorphism
All alleles of all genes possessed by members of a population
Gene pool
True or False: Population genetics measures
the relative frequencies of different alleles in a population
True
__________ is the random fluctuation in allele frequencies
from one generation to the next
Genetic drift
True or False: Genetic drift occurs in all populations of
finite size
True
Effects of genetic drift are greater in?
Smaller populations
______ is the movement of alleles between populations via migration
Gene flow
______ describes large scale events in evolution
Macroevolution
True or False: In macroevolution, scale goes beyond the
population level
True
True or False: Macroevolutionary changes
emerge from microevolutionary changes
True
_________ encompasses the differential survival and multiplication of species based on variation among lineages
Species selection
True or False: Differential speciation and extinction caused by variations in species level properties
True (Ex. Migration
patterns, geographic range,
specialized vs generalized
feeding)
True or False: Mass extinctions may select for different characteristics from those that were common during non extinction events
True
Mass extinction is what form of selection?
Catastrophic species
selection
_________ is the science of classification
Taxonomy
True or False: Taxonomy is part of systematics, but taxonomy predates evolutionary biology
True
__________ was the first to group organisms based on their shared morphological features
Aristotle
___________ created the first unified system for classifying animals and plants through morphology
Carolus Linnaeus
True or False: Linnaean taxonomy arranges
organisms into a hierarchical
system where taxa (major
groups of organisms) are ranked
True
Main taxonomic ranks
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
True or False: Taxonomic ranks may be further
subdivided for large and
complex groups
True (Ex. suborder, infraorder,
subphylum)
True or False: Taxonomic recognition is
somewhat arbitrary
True
True or False: Classification was static pre-Darwin
True
______ accounts for evolutionary theory
Systematization
True or False: In sytematization, it includes the most recent
common ancestor and its descendants
True
True or False: In systematization, no essential characters
need to be maintained throughout the system to form a taxon
True
True or False: Modern taxonomy still retains the Linnaean classifications, but accounts for common evolutionary descent with modification
True
True or False: Each species has a Latinized
name composed of 2 word
True
True or False: The scientific name must be
italicized if typed or underlined if handwritten
True
True or False: The genus is capitalized
while the species epithet is lowercase
True
True or False: There is no definitive species concept
True
Commonly used criteria
among species concepts:
■ Common descent
■ Smallest distinct
groupings
■ Reproductive
community
True or False: All species have a temporal
(evolutionary duration) and
spatial distribution (geographic
range)
True
______ species that is present over large geographic ranges
cosmopolitan species
_______ species that has a very limited geographic range
Endemic species
True or False: Geographic range can change
throughout the evolutionary duration of a species
True
__________ refers to a species as an
interbreeding population
The biological species concept
Limitations of the biological
species concept:
○ No temporal dimension
○ Disagreement on what level
of reproductive isolation is
needed
○ Does not account for
asexually reproducing
species
______ defines species by fixed, essential features
The morphological species
concept
True or False: Before Darwin, species were considered unchangeable
True
True or False: Modern biologists still use type specimens as a guide but the type is not considered absolute
True
____________ defines species as a lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity
The evolutionary species
concept
True or False: The evolutionary species
concept is difficult to observe
True
__________ defines a species as an irreducible group of organisms distinct from others and with a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
The phylogenetic species concept
True or False: The phylogenetic species concept gives more emphasis on common descent
True
According to this concept, a species is a lineage with
no detectable branching
The phylogenetic species concept
True or False: The phylogenetic species concept describes more species than other concepts
True (but may be impractical in some
situations)
True or False: The disagreements between species concepts doesn’t make them invalid
True
True or False: Depending on the field or types of specimens, some species concepts may be more applicable than others
True
All animal species occupy one of
______ monophyletic phyla
32 monophyletic phyla
True or False: Relationship between animal phyla are difficult to resolve
True
True or False: Some groups of phyla are sufficiently repeatable
True
Taxon Bilateria consists of all phyla except for
Porifera, Placozoa, Xenacoelomorpha, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora
Within Bilateria, phyla can be divided into
Protostomia and Deuterostomia
True or False: Chordata, Echinodermata,
and Hemichordata are deuterostomes; the rest are
protostomes
True
Protostomes can be further
subdivided into two:
Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa
________ consists of phyla that shed their outer body surface
Ecdysozoa (Ex. arthropods)
a consists of phyla with either a
lophophore (feeding structure) or a trochophore
(larval form)
Lophotrochozoa (Ex. molluscs)
