Module 4 - Phonotactic Constraints, Suprasegmental, Connected Speech, Phonological Proccesses Flashcards
Describe a syllable (3)
- A phonological unit
- Contains one vowel, with or without consonant
- Unless it is a syllabic consonant
- [ˈbɐtn̩ ] = [ˈbɐ+tn̩ ] /bɐtən/ = /bɐ+tən/
- 1 or more syllables = word
Describe the syllable internal structure
- Onset
- (up to CCC)
- Rhyme
- Nucleus(V) + Coda (up to CCCC)
Alliteration involves which part of the syllable structure?
Onset
Peter Piper
Rhyme involves which part of the syllable structure?
Rhyme
Shore, Bore
What is an open syllable?
- CV (no coda)
V (no onset or coda)
Describe consonant cluster
- Occurs when there is more than one C
CC/CCC/CCCC
Syllable Structure
hand+ball = /hændboːl/
CVCC+CVC
What are phonotactic constraints?
Rules about which phonemes are placed together in a syllable
Allowable consonant clusters in a Onset and Coda
Onset = 0 - CCC
Coda = 0-CCCC
(Syllable Onset: 2-consonant clusters (CC))
/s/ can only occur in the onset with
/s/ can only occur in the onset with
* /p/, /t/, /k/ - voiceless stops “spin, stun, skip”
* /m/, /n/ - nasals “smile, snow”
* /w/, /l/ , sometimes /j/ - approximants “swim, slip, stupid”
* /f/ rarely - voiceless fricative “sphinx, sphere”
(Syllable Onset: 2-consonant clusters (CC))
Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ can combine with
- Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/
Can combine with approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/
/kl/, /kw/, /kɹ/ and /kj/
BUT NOT if they share the same place of articulation
not /pw/ or /fw/, and not /tl/ or /dl/.
Syllable Onset: 3-consonant clusters (CCC)
First phoneme:
Second phoneme:
Third phoneme:
First phoneme: /s/ in a CCC onset
Second phoneme: (voiceless oral plosives) /p/, /t/ or /k/ in a CCC onset
Third phoneme: (Approximants) /w/, /l/, /ɹ/ or /j/ in a CCC onset
Phonotactic Constraints: Syllable Coda
Do Syllable Coda contraints mirror Syllable Onset constraints?
Yes, /kl/ onset can be /lk/ coda
- /kli:n/ and /mɪlk/
But not in the same place of articulation
(Phonotactic Constraints: Syllable Coda)
Approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/ can combine with
- Approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/ can combine with
- Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/
BUT NOT if they share the same place of articulation
What are the 2 features of Suprasegmental (Prosodic)?
- Intonation (pitch change)
- Stress (length, pitch, loudness)
What are the rules of Lexical stress in AusE?
2 syllable words = one is stressed, the other is unstressed
What is Primary stress [ ‘ ] ? (4)
- The prominent syllable
- Can be included in phonemic and phonetic transcription
- Occurs before a stressed syllable
- Free variation
- ‘answer’[ˈæ̃nsə]
- about [əˈbæɔt]
understand [ˌɐndəˈstænd] ̃̃
What happens to the nucleus (vowel) in an unstressed syllable?
Vowel reduces to an /ə/ schwa
Is lexical stress contrastive in AusE?
Yes,
- That is an insult. (noun)
- Don’t insult me! (verb)
When the first syllable is stressed = noun
When second syllable is stressed = verb
What is Secondary Stress [ ˌ ] ?
- Words with more than 2 syllables may have more than one stressed syllable
- Less prominent syllable
e.g. “kookaburra” /ˈkʊkəˌbɐɹə/
Why do phonemes change in words during conversation?
For communication efficiency
Describe intonation in AusE
- Non-contrastive
- Intonation patterns vary
No tonemes (phoneme based on pitch of nucleus in a syllable)
What is co-articulation?
Change in speech sounds influenced by phonetic environment (surrounding phoneme)
(Characteristics of connected speech)
Explain vowel reduction in function words
Function words vowel -> /ə/
The = /ðiː/ -> /ðə/
(Characteristics of connected speech: Elision)
Consonant deletion occurs in /t/ /d/?
Consonant deletion /t/ /d/ occurs in
- Function words
- Between words
(Characteristics of connected speech: Elision)
Weak syllable deletion occurs in?
When syllable is weak, it might be deleted
(Characteristics of connected speech: Epenthesis)
When does linking /ɹ/ occur
- Between two syllables ending and beginning with a V
- CV - VC
- “Far out!” CV-VC
- /fɐː/ + /æɔt/ → /fɐːɹæɔt/
- “law and order”
- /loː + ənd + oːdə/ → /loːɹənoːdə/
(Characteristics of connected speech: Assimilation)
Alveolar -> Velar Stops
- /t/ -> /k/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/
- /d/ -> /g/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/
- /n/ ->/ŋ/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/
(Characteristics of connected speech: Assimilation)
Alveolar -> Bilabial Stops
- /t/ -> /p/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/
- /d/ -> /b/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/
- /n/ -> /m/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/
Phonological process
How phonological patterns are developed in early childhood
(Phonological Development)
What are the 3 main types of children’s phonological processes/ error patterns?
- modify syllable structure processes
- substitution process
- assimilation processes
(Phonological Development)
Substitution Processes (3)
One sound is substituted for another, either a class of sounds or just individual sounds.
- Substitution of a glide for a liquid
□ /j/ /w/ -> /ɹ/ /l/
□ [leg] -> [jeg]
- Substitution of a glide for a liquid
- Substitution of a stop for a fricative
□ /t/ /d/ -> /s/ /z/
□ [ti:] for [si:]
- Substitution of a stop for a fricative
- Substitution of /t/ /d/ -> /k/ /g/ (fronting)
□ [təʉ] for [gəʉ]
- Substitution of /t/ /d/ -> /k/ /g/ (fronting)
(Phonological Development)
Assimilation Processes (3)
Sound changes in which one sound becomes more similar to another.
- Consonant Harmony
□ [dɔg] becomes [dɔd] or [gɔg]
- Consonant Harmony
- Reduplication
□ [wɐwɐ] for [wo:tə]
- Reduplication
- Devoicing of final consonant
□[dɔg] becomes [dɔk]
- Devoicing of final consonant
(Phonological Development)
Earlier phonological processes?
- Unstressed syllable deletion
- Final consonant deletion
- Substitution of [t] and [d] for [k] and [g] – ’fronting’
- Substitution of a stop for a fricative
- Many assimilation processes
(Phonological Development)
Later phonological processes?
- Reduction of consonant clusters
- Substitution of a glide for a liquid
(Branches of Phonetics)
Articulatory phonetics:
Study of the physical production and articulation of speech sounds
(Branches of Phonetics)
Acoustic phonetics:
Study of speech as a sound wave
(Branches of Phonetics)
Auditory phonetics:
Study of the processing of speech signals and interpretation as meaningful speech sounds and words
(Branches of Phonetics)
What is the difference between articulatory and acoustic phonetics?
Children can comprehend sounds before they can articulate sounds
(Acoustic Phonetics)
Acoustic structure
Determines how we hear sounds
(Acoustic Phonetics)
Acoustic descriptions of speech
- Explains why certain sounds are confused with another
- Provides greater accuracy in describing sounds
(Acoustic Phonetics)
Sounds of equal duration (length) can differ acoustically in 3 ways:
- Pitch
- Loudness
- quality
(Acoustic Phonetics)
Sound waves
Caused by variations in air pressure caused by the vocal tract
(Acoustic Phonetics)
Voiced speech
Periodic sound produced by vocal fold vibration
(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Pitch is affected by
Rate of vibration of the vocal folds
(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Higher Pitch:
Higher rate of vibration of vocal folds
(Acoustic Phonetics)
Voiceless speech
Aperiodic sound produced by constriction of the vocal tract
(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Lower Pitch:
Lower rate of vibration of vocal folds
(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Frequency:
Number of complete repetitions of variations of air pressure in a second
Hertz (hz)
(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Quality)
Harmonic (overtone) structure:
The relative amplitude of fundamental frequency and the harmonic
(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Loudness)
Measurement of loudness
Decibels (dB)
Extent of amplitude or energy of the vocalisation
Auditory phonetics
- How we process speech
- Study of the way people perceive speech sounds
