Module 3 - Phonetic Transcription, allophones, complimentary distribution, distinctive features Flashcards
Phonemic System
- Contrastive phonemes in a particular language
- Standard AusE phonemes
- 24 consonants
- 20 vowels
- HCE system
- However one phoneme can have multiple pronounciations
What is Phonemic Transcription?
- Uses a set of phonemes (IPA)
- Broad
- Does not capture the multiple pronunciations of a phoneme
What is a phone?
Possible speech sound
What is a Phoneme?
- Defined set of distinct phones in a language
Can have multiple pronunciations of one phoneme
Describe Allophonic variation
- Systematic
- Occurs in a rule-based way (rule-based allophonic variations)
- Free Variation
Individual disordered, free allophonic variation
What are Allophones?
- Possible phones representing the same phoneme
- Variations of the same phoneme
What are Diacritics?
- Symbols that mark allophonic variations
- Phonetic transcription
- Found in the IPA
Describe aspiration
Small puff of air following a phoneme
Aspiration Diacritic symbol?
[ʰ] - [phɪn]
Rule 1 of diacritic aspiration
[p] [t] [k] at the beginning of a word and before a stressed vowel is
Voiceless stops [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] aspirated at the beginning
And before a STRESSED VOWEL
Rule 2 of diacritic aspiration
[s] -> [p] [t] [k]
[s] -> [p] [t] [k] unaspirated after [s]
[spɪn]
Rule 3 of diacritic aspiration - Free Variation
When [p] [t] [k] in word final position
Usually aspirated [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] in word final position
Nasalisation Diacritic symbol?
[ ̃] - [mæ̃n]
Describe nasalisation
More air is flowing through the nose
Rule 1 of diacritic nasalisation
Vowels nasalise before
Vowels nasalise before nasal consonants [n] [m] [ŋ]
Dentalisation Diacritic symbol
[ ̪] - eighth [æɪt̪θ]
Describe Dentilisation
- Assimilation of alveolar consonants to dental place of articulation before a dental consonant
You can see it
Rule 1 Dentalisation Diacritic
Alveolar consonants [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] dentalised
Alveolar consonants [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] dentalised before dental consonants [θ, ð]
What is complimentary distribution?
- Used to describe allophones
- do not occur in the same phonological context (word position, or before consonants vs nasal consonants)
- Distributed differently
- They are not contrastive
What are Minimal Pairs?
- A pair of words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed in the same position in a word
/kɐːt/ /kæt/
What are distinctive features?
Binary choice: its either present (+) or not present (-)
What are the distinctive features of consonants (4)?
Consonantal, Nasal, Coronal, Round/Labial
[+/-] Consonantal
(+ cononantal) is a consonant
(- consonantal) not a consonant
[+/-] Nasal
(+ nasal) is a nasal sound
(- nasal) is not a nasal sound
[+/-] Coronal
(+ coronal) tongue is towards the front of the mouth
- Dentals, alveolar, post-alveolar, sometimes palatal /j/
(- coronal) tongue is towards the back of the mouth
[+/-] Round/Labial
+ round/labial) uses lips to make sound
(-round/labial) does not use lips to make sound
(Use the Distinctive Features Table)
Someone with a cleft palate might have more of an opening to the nasal, so all consonants with a (-) nasal sound might start to sound like
/m, n, ŋ/
Someone with a stroke that has issues with his vocal folds will have issues with all consonants that are
(+) voiced
What are the 3 distinctive features of vowels?
Vowel Length, Height of tongue, Round
[+/-] Vowel Length
(+ long) long vowel length
(-long) short vowel length
Contrastive in english /ɐː/ / ɐ/
[+/-] Height of tongue
( -low) high position of tongue
(+low) low position of tongue
[+/-] Round
[+round] rounded lips
[-round] unrounded lips
[+/-] Sonorant
(+ Sonorant) resonant
Nasals, approximants and vowels
(- Sonorant) not resonant
[+/-] Continuant
(+ continuant) airflow continues through the oral cavity
- Fricatives, approximants, vowels
(-continuant) airflow is obstructed through the oral cavity
Oral stops, nasal stops, Affricates
[+/- ] strident/sibilant
[+ strident / sibilant] high frequency/ pitched, intensity
- Alveolar and palatal fricatives and affricates
[- strident / sibilant] low frequency/ pitch
[+/-] Obstruent
[+ Obstruent] obstruction of airflow sounds
- Oral Stops and fricatives
[ - Obstruent] - no obstruction of airflow
Vowels?
