Module 3 - Phonetic Transcription, allophones, complimentary distribution, distinctive features

Question 1

Phonemic System

Answer 1

• Contrastive phonemes in a particular language
• Standard AusE phonemes
• 24 consonants
• 20 vowels
• HCE system
• However one phoneme can have multiple pronounciations

Question 2

What is Phonemic Transcription?

Answer 2

• Uses a set of phonemes (IPA)
• Broad
• Does not capture the multiple pronunciations of a phoneme

Question 3

What is a phone?

Answer 3

Possible speech sound

Question 4

What is a Phoneme?

Answer 4

• Defined set of distinct phones in a language
  Can have multiple pronunciations of one phoneme

Question 5

Describe Allophonic variation

Answer 5

• Systematic
  
  • Occurs in a rule-based way (rule-based allophonic variations)
• Free Variation
  Individual disordered, free allophonic variation

Question 6

What are Allophones?

Answer 6

• Possible phones representing the same phoneme
• Variations of the same phoneme

Question 7

What are Diacritics?

Answer 7

• Symbols that mark allophonic variations
• Phonetic transcription
• Found in the IPA

Question 8

Describe aspiration

Answer 8

Small puff of air following a phoneme

Question 8

Aspiration Diacritic symbol?

Answer 8

[ʰ] - [phɪn]

Question 9

Rule 1 of diacritic aspiration
[p] [t] [k] at the beginning of a word and before a stressed vowel is

Answer 9

Voiceless stops [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] aspirated at the beginning
And before a STRESSED VOWEL

Question 10

Rule 2 of diacritic aspiration
[s] -> [p] [t] [k]

Answer 10

[s] -> [p] [t] [k] unaspirated after [s]
[spɪn]

Question 11

Rule 3 of diacritic aspiration - Free Variation
When [p] [t] [k] in word final position

Answer 11

Usually aspirated [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] in word final position

Question 12

Nasalisation Diacritic symbol?

Answer 12

[ ̃] - [mæ̃n]

Question 13

Describe nasalisation

Answer 13

More air is flowing through the nose

Question 14

Rule 1 of diacritic nasalisation
Vowels nasalise before

Answer 14

Vowels nasalise before nasal consonants [n] [m] [ŋ]

Question 15

Dentalisation Diacritic symbol

Answer 15

[ ̪] - eighth [æɪt̪θ]

Question 16

Describe Dentilisation

Answer 16

• Assimilation of alveolar consonants to dental place of articulation before a dental consonant
  You can see it

Question 17

Rule 1 Dentalisation Diacritic
Alveolar consonants [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] dentalised

Answer 17

Alveolar consonants [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] dentalised before dental consonants [θ, ð]

Question 18

What is complimentary distribution?

Answer 18

• Used to describe allophones
  
  • do not occur in the same phonological context (word position, or before consonants vs nasal consonants)
  • Distributed differently
    
    • They are not contrastive

Question 19

What are Minimal Pairs?

Answer 19

• A pair of words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed in the same position in a word
  /kɐːt/ /kæt/

Question 20

What are distinctive features?

Answer 20

Binary choice: its either present (+) or not present (-)

Question 21

What are the distinctive features of consonants (4)?

Answer 21

Consonantal, Nasal, Coronal, Round/Labial

Question 22

[+/-] Consonantal

Answer 22

(+ cononantal) is a consonant
(- consonantal) not a consonant

Question 23

[+/-] Nasal

Answer 23

(+ nasal) is a nasal sound
(- nasal) is not a nasal sound

Question 24

[+/-] Coronal

Answer 24

(+ coronal) tongue is towards the front of the mouth
- Dentals, alveolar, post-alveolar, sometimes palatal /j/
(- coronal) tongue is towards the back of the mouth

Question 25

[+/-] Round/Labial

Answer 25

+ round/labial) uses lips to make sound
(-round/labial) does not use lips to make sound

Question 26

(Use the Distinctive Features Table)
Someone with a cleft palate might have more of an opening to the nasal, so all consonants with a (-) nasal sound might start to sound like

Answer 26

/m, n, ŋ/

Question 27

Someone with a stroke that has issues with his vocal folds will have issues with all consonants that are

Answer 27

(+) voiced

Question 28

What are the 3 distinctive features of vowels?

Answer 28

Vowel Length, Height of tongue, Round

Question 29

[+/-] Vowel Length

Answer 29

(+ long) long vowel length
(-long) short vowel length
Contrastive in english /ɐː/ / ɐ/

Question 30

[+/-] Height of tongue

Answer 30

( -low) high position of tongue
(+low) low position of tongue

Question 31

[+/-] Round

Answer 31

[+round] rounded lips
[-round] unrounded lips

Question 32

[+/-] Sonorant

Answer 32

(+ Sonorant) resonant
Nasals, approximants and vowels

(- Sonorant) not resonant

Question 33

[+/-] Continuant

Answer 33

(+ continuant) airflow continues through the oral cavity
- Fricatives, approximants, vowels
(-continuant) airflow is obstructed through the oral cavity
Oral stops, nasal stops, Affricates

Question 34

[+/- ] strident/sibilant

Answer 34

[+ strident / sibilant] high frequency/ pitched, intensity
- Alveolar and palatal fricatives and affricates
[- strident / sibilant] low frequency/ pitch

Question 35

[+/-] Obstruent

Answer 35

[+ Obstruent] obstruction of airflow sounds
- Oral Stops and fricatives
[ - Obstruent] - no obstruction of airflow
Vowels?