Module 4: PHASES, TYPES, FORMS, AND CATEGORIES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Flashcards
Goals of Criminal Investigation
- To determine whether a crime has been committed;
- To legally obtain information or evidence;
3.To identify persons involved in the crime; - To arrest suspects;
- To recover stolen properties;
- To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.
Kinds of Criminal Investigation
- Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and
- Investigation while the suspect is “at large”. It means that the suspect is not under arrest or detention, as distinguished from fugitive from justice.
The Four Phases of Criminal Investigation
- The identification of criminal.
- The criminal is traced, located and arrested.
- The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are gathered.
- Pieces of evidence are presented in court.
Components of Criminal Investigation
PATTERN
LEADS
TIPS
THEORIES
Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same person is committing a series of crimes.
PATTERN
These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an investigation.
TIPS Specifically ref
LEADS
Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress of an investigation.
TIPS
Beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips and other information developed and uncover in the case.
THEORIES
Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation
Training
Tools
Technique
Being a critical factor in developing good and competent investigator, is the key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.
Training
To establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use these tools-information, interview, interrogation, and instrumentation.
Tools
Essence of tactical strategy in investigation.
Technique
Importance of Criminal Investigation
- The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and provided with solutions.
- It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing and identifying criminal and provides clues or information in promoting social justice.
- An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties.
Forms of Investigation
Formal Investigation
Inquest
Inquisition
Probe
Research
Investigative Reporting
It refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover facts and determine the truth.
Formal Investigation
It is usually considered as some form of inquiry concerning of criminal activity.
Formal Investigation
It is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the commission of a crime.
Inquest
A more historical description than a current usage to describe any penetrating investigation concerning a religious issue.
Inquisition
Similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a government agency.
Probe
It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful, patient investigation done by scientist or scholars in their efforts to identify original sources of data or causes of problem.
Research
a recent type of investigation pursued by the members of the press on their own initiative. .
Investigative Reporting
Investigative Reporting
is designed to satisfy two purposes.
To attract readers/viewers
To get to the roots of the problem
Categories of Criminal Investigation according to John Dempsey
- Criminal Investigation vs Non-Criminal Investigation
- Reactive Investigation vs Proactive Investigation
- Overt Investigation vs Covert Investigation
carried out by the police
Criminal Investigation
involves on non-criminal incidents or events
Non-Criminal Investigation
initiated on the basis of a complaint
Reactive Investigation
Categories of Reactive Investigation
Walk-through-
Where-are-they
Whodunit
This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.
Whodunit
Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.
Where-are-they
Suspect is easily determined and located.
Walk-through
these are designed to catch a criminal in the act of committing a crime
Proactive Investigation
blending and decoy types to catch criminals in flagrante delicto.
Decoy operations
usually in the form of buy-bust and entrapment
Undercover operations
openly
Overt
in secret
Covert
Basic Steps In Crime Scene Investigation
Recognition
Collection
Preservation
Evaluation
Presentation
involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.
Recognition
refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical things that are significant to the case under investigation.
Collection
includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its substantive value.
Preservation
the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
Evaluation
it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom.
Presentation
STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
- State the problem
- Form hypotheses
- Observe and experiment
- Interpret data
- Draw conclusions
THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION
WHO QUESTIONS
WHAT QUESTIONS
WHERE QUESTIONS
WHEN QUESTIONS
WHY QUESTIONS
HOW QUESTIONS
questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims or offended party
WHO QUESTIONS
find out what happened or what took place before, during and immediately after the commission of the offense
WHAT QUESTIONS
questions that localize the place of the incident
WHERE QUESTIONS
needed to determine and fix the time, day, month and year when the crime was committed
WHEN QUESTIONS
endeavor to ascertain the motives, causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts, background occurrences that might help explain the commission of the offense
WHY QUESTIONS
designed to help the investigator determine how the crime was committed, the means/tools are employed, the crime was discovered, and the culprit enters the building/room
HOW QUESTIONS
The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation
“Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed.”
purpose of the golden rule
to avoid the mutilation, alteration and contamination (MAC) of the physical evidences found at the crime scene.
