MODULE 4- Open source software and licensing

Question 1

What allows user to use the executable code but not view or modify the source code?

Answer 1

A closed source license allows users to use the executable code but not view or modify the source code.

Question 2

What is the process of analyzing a compiled program to understand or recreate its source code?

Answer 2

Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing a compiled program to understand or recreate its source code.

Question 2

What was defined as freely available software where users did not exactly have access to the source code?

Answer 2

Shareware was freely available software where users did not exactly have access to the source code.

Question 2

What was a major problem with shareware?

Answer 2

With shareware, malicious software could be easily disguised as legitimate software like games and utilities.

Question 3

When was UNIX initially created?

Answer 3

UNIX was initially created in 1969

Question 3

By which edition and which year was UNIX rewritten in the C programming language?

Answer 3

By UNIX’s fourth edition in 1973 it was rewritten in C

Question 3

What major network specification was introduced in 4.2BSD by the University of California and when?

Answer 3

In 1984 California, Berkley introduced TCP/IP in 4.2BSD.

Question 4

In the 1990s when companies realized their systems needed compatibility what did they do?

Answer 4

Companies started working on the X/Open specification in order for their systems to be compatible in the 1990s.

Question 5

Why is the standardization of APIs important?

Answer 5

Standardization of APIs helps programs written for one UNIX/Linux system to be easily ported to another.

Question 6

Name 2 organizations that ensure interoperability of programs across different operating systems. (in full)

Answer 6

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and POSIX (Portable Operating system Interface) ensure interoperability of programs across different operating systems.

Question 6

Name 3 important components behind buying software/

Answer 6

When buying software the three main components are ownership, money transfer and licensing.

Question 7

What is referred to by ‘Who owns the intellectual property behind a software’?

Answer 7

Ownership refers to who owns the intellectual property behind a software.

Question 7

What is referred to by “It defines what you can do with the software, such as installation limits and redistribution rights”?

Answer 7

Software licensing defines what you can do with the software such as installation limits and redistribution rights.

Question 7

What is referred to by “How money changes, if at all, when buying software”?

Answer 7

Money transfer refers to how money changes hands if at all when buying software.

Question 8

What rights does a copyright license give?

Answer 8

A copyright license gives the right to use the software, not ownership.

Question 9

Who owns the intellectual property for Microsoft Windows?

Answer 9

Microsoft Corporation owns the intellectual property for Microsoft Windows.

Question 10

What is the legal document that users must accept to install Microsoft Windows?

Answer 10

A user must accept the EULA (End User License Agreement) to install Microsoft Windows.

Question 11

Under what license is Linux released?

Answer 11

Linux is released under the GNU GPLv2 (GNU General public license version 2).

Question 11

Who owns the Intellectual property for Linux?

Answer 11

Linus Torvald owns the intellectual property for Linux.

Question 11

What does the GPLv2 require regarding Linux source code?

Answer 11

The GPLv2 requires that the source code be made available to anyone who asks.

Question 11

According to GPLv2 what must happen if anyone makes changes to the Linux source code and distributes it?

Answer 11

According to the GPLv2 , if anyone makes changes to the Linux source code the distributions must also be under the GPLv2 license.

Question 12

What restriction does the GPLv2 have?

Answer 12

The GPLv2 restriction is that no one is allowed to charge for distributing source code , except for the actual costs of doing so.

Question 13

Which term refers to the software where the owner has given up the right to restrict its use and redistribution?

Answer 13

FOSS is software where the owner has given up the rights to restrict its use and redistribution.

Question 14

Which two Universities and project created their own software licenses?

Answer 14

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and the University of California and the Apache foundation.

Question 14

What is copyleft, in terms of the FSF?

Answer 14

Copyleft requires modified software to be shared under the same free license ensuring the software remains free.

Question 15

Which group has created its own license to further its agenda on software freedom?

Answer 15

FSF (Free software foundation) created its own license to further their agenda on software freedom.

Question 15

Who founded the FSF and when?

Answer 15

Richard Stallman founded the FSF (free software foundation) in 1985.

Question 15

Which company started Tivoization by using Linux on their digital video recorder hardware?

Answer 15

Tivo started Tivoization by using Linux on their digital video recorder.

Question 15

What is Tivoization?

Answer 15

Tivoization is using GPL software on closed hardware preventing the users from running modified versions.

Question 15

Which 4 licenses does the FSF maintain?

Answer 15

The FSF (Free software foundation) supports GPLv2 (general public license version 2), GPLv3 and the LGPLv2(lesser general public license version 2) and LGPLv3.

Question 16

Which organization opposes software standards and patents that violate free software principles such as DRM (Digital rights management)?

Answer 16

FSF (free software foundation) opposes standards and patents that violate free software principles such as DRM (Digital rights management)

Question 16

Did Linus Torvald agree with GPLv3?

Answer 16

No, Linus did not agree with GPLv3

Question 16

What are the FSF main software licenses based on?

Answer 16

The FSF's (free software foundation) main licenses are based on the GNU GPL(General public license).

Question 17

On which license did the FSF add a clause to prevent tivoization?

Answer 17

The FSF (Free software foundation) added a clause to restrict tivoization in GPLv3.

Question 18

When was OSI funded and by who?

Answer 18

The OSI (Open source initiative) was funded in 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric Raymond.

Question 19

Which organization was formed separate from the FSF and why?

Answer 19

The OSI (Open software initiative) was formed separate from the FSF (Free software foundation) because they believed the FSF was too politically charged and wanted less licensing restrictions particularly around the copyleft aspects.

Question 19

Which organization believes there should be no restrictions on software use regardless of intended purpose?

Answer 19

The OSI (Open software initiative) believes there should be no restrictions on software use regardless of intended purpose.

Question 19

Which license is a well known OSI approved license?

Answer 19

The BSD (Berkley software distribution license) is an example of a well known OSI (Open software initiative) approved license.

Question 19

How many OSI approved BSD licenses currently exist?

Answer 19

Two BSD licenses approved by the BSD currently exits, the 2-clause and 3-clause.

Question 20

What is the main requirement of the BSD license?

Answer 20

The BSD license requires that you never imply endorsement from the original creator.

Question 21

What flaw did FSF find in the original BSD license?

Answer 21

FSF (Free software foundation) found that the original BSD (Berkley Software division) license required acknowledgement of the University of California Berkley in every advertisement.

Question 22

What is the difference between the FSFs licenses (GPL) and the BSD/MIT licenses?

Answer 22

The BSD/MIT licenses are more permissive and allow closed source distribution whereas the GPL forces copyleft.

Question 23

What term was introduced to clarify the meaning of free in software?

Answer 23

Libre was added to the term FLOSS (Free/libre open source system).

Question 24

Why were CC (Creative Common) licenses created?

Answer 24

Cc (Creative Common) licenses were created to provide FOSS-like licensing options for non software works like drawings, music and writing.

Question 24

What happens when a lengthy waiting period after someone's death and their work becomes public domain?

Answer 24

Public domain means all author rights are relinquished.

Question 24

Which CC license condition restricts others from using the work for commercial purposes?

Answer 24

The NonCommercial (NC) CC license attribute restricts others from using the work for commercial purposes.

Question 25

What is the Attribution (BY) condition in a CC license?

Answer 25

Attribution (BY) condition requires the creator be given credit without implying endorsement.

Question 25

Which CC license condition requires that the modified works be shared under the same terms?

Answer 25

The ShareAlike (SA) CC license condition requires that the modified work be shared under the same terms.

Question 26

What is the NonDerivatives (ND) CC license condition?

Answer 26

The NonDerivatives (ND) CC license condition restricts modifying the work unless permission is granted.

Question 26

Which is the most permissive CC license allowing any use with credit?

Answer 26

(CC BY)is the most permissive CC license allowing any use with credit.

Question 26

Which CC license requires that derivative works be shared under the same license?

Answer 26

CC BY-SA is the CC license that requires that derivative works be shared under the same license.

Question 27

Which CC license is the equivalent to placing work in the public domain?

Answer 27

The No Rights Reserved (CC0) is the CC license which is the equivalent to placing work in the public domain.

Question 27

What does the Attribution NoDerivs (CC BY-ND) license prohibit?

Answer 27

The Attribution NoDerivs ( CC BY-ND) license prohibits modifying the work.

Question 27

Which CC license allows use with credit but prohibits commercial use?

Answer 27

The ( CC BY-NC) CC license allows use with credit but prohibits commercial use.

Question 28

Which CC license requires both non commercial use and that derivative works be shared under the same terms?

Answer 28

The ( CC BY-NC-SA) CC license restricts commercial use and requires that derivative works be shared under the same terms.

Question 29

Which is the most restrictive CC license allowing only redistribution without changes or commercial use?

Answer 29

The ( CC BY-NC-ND) is the most restrictive CC license that allows only redistribution without changes or commercial use.

Question 30

Does the GPL prohibit selling software?

Answer 30

No, the GPL (General public license) allows selling software as it emphasizes freedom, not price.

Question 31

Who created Wireshark and when? How many people have since contributed to the project?

Answer 31

Gerald Combs created Wireshark in the 1990s. Since then, over 600 people have contributed to the network analysis tool.