MODULE 2- Operating Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three major operating systems used today?
A
The three major operating systems used today are Microsoft Windows, Apple MacOS and Linux.
2
Q
What makes Microsoft Windows unique compared to Linux and MacOS?
A
Microsoft Windows is the only major operating system not based on Unix or Linux.
2
Q
What is Apple MacOS based on?
A
Apple MacOS is based on a Unix distribution called BSD Unix combined with proprietary Apple code.
2
Q
What is BSD Unix?
A
BSD (Berkley Software Distribution) is a Unix based Operating system that MacOS is derived from.
2
Q
What is the first decision when specifying a computer system?
A
The first decision when specifying a computer system is its role (server or desktop).
3
Q
Why do servers commonly use a CLI?
A
Servers commonly use the CLI to free up resources for serving information to the client.
4
Q
What is a release cycle?
A
The Release cycle is the periodic schedule of operating system and software upgrades.
5
Q
What factors determine a machines function (tasks its designed to perform? (3 items)
A
A machines function is determined by factors such as the software it is required to run, the number of machines it will be required to host, and the administrator skill level.
6
Q
What is the benefit of virtualization in modern data centers?
A
Virtualization allows one physical machine to host multiple virtual machines reducing space and power requirements.
7
Q
What is a maintenance/life cycle?
A
A maintenance or life cycle is the period during which vendors provide updates for older software versions.
8
Q
How does automation improve server management?
A
Scripting allows the creation , configuration, deployment and removal of virtual machines without human intervention.
9
Q
What is a major benefit of cloud computing on hardware?
A
Cloud computing has reduced the need for hardware upgrades by offering scalable resources.
10
Q
What is the difference between beta and stable software releases?
A
Beta software is newly developed and untested, while stable software has been field-tested and is reliable.
11
Q
Why would a user choose beta software?
A
A user would choose beta software to access new features early.
12
Q
Why do production servers typically use stable software?
A
Production servers typically use stable software to minimize the risks with untested code.
13
Q
What is backward compatibility?
A
Backward compatibility is the ability for newer Operating systems to run older software versions.
14
Q
How do open source developers maintain backward compatibility?
A
Open source developers maintain backward compatibility through the use of versioned libraries and preserving previous functions.
15
Q
How does virtualization help control IT costs?
A
Virtualization helps organizations pay for only the resources they use.
16
Q
What factors influence the cost of a system? (4 factors)
A
The cost of a system is influenced by factors such as hardware, licensing fees, staff expertise and future requirements.
17
Q
Where was the first graphical user interface developed?
A
The first GUI was developed at Xerox PARC(Palo alto research center) in the early 1970s.
18
Q
Which decision point determines whether a machine will run a CLI or GUI based on how it will be used?
A
Role.
19
Q
Which decision point considers whether a system will be used for specific tasks such as hosting web services, running applications or managing databases?
A
Function.
20
Q
Which decision point involves choosing between beta software with new features or stable software that has been tested extensively?
A
Stability.
21
Q
Which decision point is concerned with whether the operating system can run older software designed for previous versions?
A
Compatibility.
22
Which decision point influences whether an organization should use virtualization or cloud services to optimize computing resources?
Life cycle.
22
Which decision point determines whether a machine will be physically accessed by a user or primarily managed remotely?
Role.
22
Which decision point involves selecting the appropriate operating system and software based on a company's budget?
Cost.
23
Which decision point affects whether a machine will be configured for long term support or frequently updated with newer software versions?
Life cycle.
24
Which decision point helps decide whether an administrator needs to be familiar with Linux commands or can rely mostly on graphical tools?
Role.
24
Which decision point affects whether an enterprise will invest in a proprietary operating system or an open source solution?
Cost.
24
Which decision point affects whether an IT team should prioritize ease of use (GUI) or efficiency and automation (CLI) ?
Interface.
24
Which decision point influences whether a system is designed to maximize uptime and reliability by using well tested software?
Stability.
24
*Which decision point determines how the machine fits into a larger system? (workstation, server , database, host)
Role determines how the machine fits into a larger system.
25
*Which decision point determines what the machine does? (running software, performing calculations)
Function determines what the machine does
25
Which decision point determines how frequently an organization will need to upgrade its hardware and software?
Life cycle.
26
Which decision point determines whether software needs to be modified to work with newer software architectures?
Compatibility.
27
*Which decision point determines whether a system prioritizes reliability or cutting edge features?
Stability determines whether a system prioritizes reliability (well- tested software) or cutting edge features (beta software)
28
*Which decision point determines whether a system can run older software , work with certain hardware or support specific system architectures?
Compatibility determines whether a system can run older software, work with certain hardware or support specific system architectures.
29
*Which decision point determines whether a system is GUI based (easy to use) or CLI based (efficient for automation).
Interface determines whether a system is CLI or GUI based?
30
*Which decision point involves budget considerations , including hardware , licensing and long term expenses?
Cost involves budget considerations, including hardware, licensing and long term expenses.
30
*Which decision point determines how often a system will be updated , replaced or scaled.
Life cycle determines how often a system will be updated, replaced or scaled.
30
What popularized the CLI?
Apple computer popularized the CLI in the 1980s
31
Which operating system releases new versions only every few years instead of twice a year like most Linux distros?
Microsoft Windows releases new versions only every few years instead of twice a year like most Linux distros.
32
Which operating system prioritizes backward compatibility even bundling virtual machine technology for older software ?
Microsoft Windows prioritizes backward compatibility by even bundling virtual machine technology for older software.
33
How many versions of Microsoft Windows have been released since 1985?
16 Versions of Microsoft Windows have been released since 1985.
34
What is the current version of Microsoft Windows as of this writing ?
Windows 11 is the current version of Microsoft Windows
35
What is the latest version of Windows server as of this writing?
The latest version of Windows Server is Windows Server 2019.
35
Which Microsoft product is specifically designed for enterprise use and has a version named after its release year?
Windows Server is specifically designed for enterprise use and has a version named after its release year.
36
Which scripting tool did Microsoft develop to enhance its command line capabilities in response to Linux ?
Microsoft developed PowerShell to enhance its command line capabilities in response to Linux.
37
What feature allows Windows server to mimic a standard productivity machine?
Desktop Experience Package is a feature allowing Windows Server to mimic a standard productivity machine?
37
What is the name of Microsoft's Cloud Service that they actively encourage enterprise customers to use?
Microsoft Azure is the name of the Microsoft cloud service which they actively encourage enterprise customers to use.
38
What major competitive move did Microsoft make to integrate-Linux like functionality into Windows?
WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) integrates Linux-like functionality into Windows.
38
How often do most Linux distributions release new versions?
Most Linux distributions release new versions twice a year in March and September.
39
What makes MacOS a popular choice for schools and small businesses with limited IT resources?
MacOS is a popular choice for schools and small businesses because it is known for being easy to use.
39
Why is MacOS favored by programmers?
MacOS is favored by programmers because of its robust UNIX underpinnings.
39
Which operating system is partially based on the FreeBSD and has undergone UNIX certification?
MacOS is partially based on the FreeBSD and has undergone UNIX certification.
40
Why do some corporate IT departments allow users to choose macOS?
Some corporate IT departments allow users to choose macOS due to it needing less support than with Microsoft productivity deployments.
40
What is the main purpose of macOS Server?
macOS server is designed to help smaller organizations collaborate and control access to shared resources.
40
Why is macOS especially popular in creative industries like graphics and video production?
macOS is popular in creative industries like graphics and video production due to its stability and application choice.
40
What makes macOS different from other operating systems in terms of hardware and software integration?
macOS is different than other operating systems in terms of hardware and software integration because macOS works exclusively on Apple hardware providing an optimized experience.
41
What is the term for the bundle of software that includes the Linux kernel, utilities, management tools and applications?
A Linux distribution is the bundle of software that includes the Linux kernel, utilities, management tools and applications.
42
How do Linux distributions help in setting up a functional computer system? (5 items)
Linux distributions set up the storage, build the kernel, install hardware drivers , and include tools for managing the system and installing applications.
43
How many Linux distributions are available?
There are hundreds of Linux distributions available.
43
What tool does a Linux distribution need to add and remove software?
A Linux distro needs a package manager to add and remove software.
43
Can all Linux distributions support all applications?
No, application vendors choose a subset of distributions to support.
43
Why might governments and large enterprises limit their choice of Linux distributions?
Governments and other organizations may limit their choice of Linux distributions to only distros providing commercial support to avoid risks like extensive outages.
43
Which two applications are supported across all major Linux distros?
Firefox and LibreOffice are applications supported across all major Linux distros.
43
What are the two main categories that Linux distros can be categorized into ?
Linux distros can be categorized into Enthusaist and Enterprise .
43
How does the update cycle for Enthusiast Linux distros differ from Enterprise distros?
Enthusiast distros have fast update cycles not recommended for enterprise use while Enterprise distros focus on stability and extended support periods.
44
What are 3 examples of Linux distributions with Long term support (Enterprise distros)?
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server ( SLES) ,Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and Ubuntu LTS are examples of Enterprise distros with LTS.
44
Give 3 examples of Enthusiast Distros with a fast update cycles?
OpenSUSE's Tumbleweed, Red Hat Fedora and Ubuntu Desktop are an examples of Enthusiast Distros with fast update cycles.
45
How does long term support typically last for some Linux distros?
LTS typically lasts for 5 years or more for some Linux Distros.
46
Which Linux distros offer LTS for extended periods?
Ubuntu Desktop and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) offer LTS for extended periods.
47
What allows users to contribute code and patches to Linux distributions?
Development packages allow users to submit code and patches to Linux distributions.
48
How long do Enterprise distros typically provide LTS?
LTS is typically provided for 5-13 years.
49
What are the three types of releases that some Linux distros offer?
Some Linux distros offer stable, testing and unstable releases.
50
What happens to features that have been in the system for a long time and have had most bugs addressed?
Features that have been in the system for a long time and
have had most bugs addressed move through testing into the stable phase.
51
Which distro is an example of one that releases a beta version before the final version?
Red Hat Fedora is an example of a distro that releases a beta version before the final version.
52
What role does Fedora have in RedHat's development process?
Fedora serves as the community-oriented beta release for RedHat where features are being tested before being included into the final enterprise versions.
53
How do openSUSE and SLES (SUSE Linux Enterprise Server) relate to each other?
open SUSE acts as a testing ground for features that will be migrated to the enterprise version SLES.
54
What warning does the Debian distro give about its 'sid' unstable release?
sid Is subject to massive changes and can result in a unstable system with unresolvable dependencies.
55
What is the cost of many Linux distros?
Many Linux distros are available at zero cost.
56
Why might an organization pay for a Linux distro despite it being free?
Organizations might pay for support services to ensure its reliability and safety.
57
What application provides a CLI environment in Linux?
The terminal application provides a CLI environment in Linux.
58
How does the terminal process user commands in Linux ?
The terminal passes commands to a shell, which interprets and executes them.
58
What is defined as a component providing user interface allowing interacting with the operating system through commands?
The Shell provides user interface and allows interaction with the operating system through commands.
59
What is known as the inner layer of the OS and what is known as the outer layer?
The Kernel is known as the inner layer of an OS and the Shell is known as the outer layer of the OS.
60
Which command shows previously entered commands in the Terminal?
The 'history' command shows previously entered commands.
60
What is the term for the message displayed after login often used for information or jokes?
MOTD (Message of the Day)
61
Which command shows who is logged into the system?
The 'w' command shows who is currently logged into the system.
62
What is the main focus of RedHat today?
RedHat is mostly used in server applications such as web and file servers.
62
What is RedHat?
RedHat is a Linux distro that introduced RPM (RedHat Package Manager).
63
What is the name of the RedHat sponsored distro that provides the latest software.
Fedora is the name of the RedHat sponsored distro that provides the latest software.
63
How does Fedora differ from RHEL?
Fedora focuses on newer software and shorter release cycles.
63
What is the name of the RedHat Distro that is paid, stable and offers long release cycle distribution?
RHEL (RedHat Enterprise Linux) is the name of the RedHat distro that is paid, stable and offers long release cycle distribution.
64
What is the relationship between Fedora and RHEL?
Fedora acts as a testing ground for technologies that may be later integrated into RHEL.
64
What is the name of the free open sourced distro based on RHEL?
CentOS is the name of the free open source distro based on RHEL.
65
What is the term defining the frequency in which software updates and new versions are released.
Release cycle refers to the frequency in which software updates and new versions are released.
65
What is the main difference between CentOS and RHEL?
CentOS is identical to RHEL but without the paid support.
66
What is the name of the RedHat distro designed for scientific and research institutions?
Scientific Linux
67
Which is one of the first comprehensive Linux distros originally derived from Slackware?
SUSE is one of the first comprehensive Linux distros which was originally derived from Slackware.
67
Which early Linux distro was SUSE based on
SUSE was based on Slackware.
68
How is SUSE similar to RedHat Enterprise Linux?
SUSE offers enterprise grade Linux experience with LTS
69
Which company purchased SUSE and when?
SUSE was purchased my Novell in 2003.
70
Which company purchased the company which initially purchased SUSE in 2003 and what happened to it a few years later?
Attachment Group purchased Novell in 2011 and it then Merged with Micro Focus international in 2014.
71
Who sponsors Scientific Linux?
Fermilab sponsors scientific Linux
72
Give one real world application of Scientific Linux?
Scientific Linux is used with the large Hadron Collider at CERN.
72
What happened to SUSE in 2018?
In 2018 SUSE planned to go forward as an independent business.
73
What is name of the SUSE distro which is proprietary, commercial and based on server environments?
SLES (SUSE Linux Enterprise) is the name of the proprietary Linux distro which is commercial and based on server environments.
74
What is the name of the free and open-source version of SLES with multiple desktop environments?
openSUSE is the free , open-source version of SLES with multiple desktop environments.
74
What is the name of the community driven Linux distro that promotes open-source software and adherence to standards?
Debian is the name of the Linux distro that promotes open-source software and adherence to standards.
74
How is openSUSE similar similar to CentOS?
openSUSE offers a free alternative to the enterprise version (SLES) just like CentOS does for RHEL.
74
Which file format is the Debian package management system based on?
Debian package management system is based on the '.deb' file format.
75
What is the major difference between Debian and Red Hat in terms of platforms supported?
Unlike Red Hat , Debian supports many non-Intel and non-AMD platforms directly (broader range of platforms).
75
What is the name of the popular Linux distro and which is it derived from Debian and which company created it?
Ubuntu is the name of the popular Debian-derived distro created by the company canonical.
76
What is the primary business model behind Ubuntu?
Canonical creates money by providing support for Ubuntu.
76
What are the similarities between Mint and Ubuntu?
Linux Mint still uses Ubuntu's repositeries (directory structure).
76
How long is the LTS version of Ubuntu supported for Desktops and servers?
Ubuntu has LTS version of 3 years for desktops and 5 years for servers.
76
Which distro is more beginner-user friendly between Mint and Ubuntu?
Linux Mint is more beginner and user friendly than Ubuntu.
76
Which Linux distro includes proprietary software like codecs?
Linux Mint includes proprietary software like codecs.
76
What is the name of the Linux distro created as a fork of Ubuntu but with its own modifications ?
Linux Mint is the name of the Linux distro which is forked from Ubuntu but with its own modifications.
77
What makes Android different from other Linux distros?
Unlike other Linux distributions, Android does not include traditional components like GNU and Xorg.
77
Which is the most popular Linux distro and which company is it sponsored by?
Android sponsored by Google is the most popular Linux distro.
77
What is the name of the virtual machine used by Android?
Android uses the Dalvik (DVM).
77
What is the name of the software environment on Android that allows it to run applications efficiently on mobile devices?
Dalvik Virtual Machine is the software environment on Android allowing it to run applications efficiently on mobile devices.
77
What has replaced DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) in newer versions of android?
ART (Android Runtime) has replaced DVM in newer android versions.
77
What is the name of the specialized Linux distro optimized for Raspberry Pi hardware?
Raspbian is the name of the specialized Linux distro optimized for Raspberry Pi hardware.
77
What can enable users to use Linux commands on Android?
Installing Busybox, a software package which has many standard Linux commands.
77
Which device was Linux initially designed to run on?
Linux was initially designed to run on an Intel 386 PC with a specific hard drive controller.
77
What is Raspberry Pi?
Raspberry Pi is a low cost single board computer used for Education, programming and hardware projects.
77
Name two characteristics making Raspberry popular in education.
Raspberry is low cost and easy to use.
77
Which Linux distro intoduced RPM and later became a company specializing in open source software?
Red Hat is the Linux distro which introduced the Red Hat Package manager and later became a company specializing in open source software.
77
What is an embedded system?
An embedded system is a specialized computer system designed for a specific function on special hardware (like router or IoT device).
77
What is the name of the project providing step by step instructions for building a custom Linux system from source code.
LFS (Linux from scratch) is the name of the project providing step by step instructions on how to build a Linux system from scratch.
77
77
What is the name of the Linux distro which is compatible with RHEL but without the paid support?
CentOS is the Linux distro which is compatible with RHEL but is without the paid support.
77
What is a good choice for embedded projects?
Raspberry Pi is a good choice for imbedded projects.
77
What the name of the Linux distro for mobile users that lacks traditional GNU/Linux packages?
Android is the name of the Linux distribution for mobile users but lacks traditional GNU/Linux packages.
77
What is the name of the Linux distro which is a derivate of Ubuntu but still relies on Ubuntu depositeries?
Linux Mint is the Linux distro which is derivative of Ubuntu but still
77
What is the name of the Linux distro known for promoting open source software and adherence to standards?
Debian is the name of the Linux distro known for promoting open source software and adherence to standards.
77
What is a term for a software release with new features that haven't been fully tested?
Beta release is a software release with new features that have not been fully tested.
78
Which Red Hat distro was designed specifically for scientific computing?
Scientific Linux is the Red Hat distro designed specifically for scientific computing.
78
Which Linux distro is optimized for Raspberry Pi Hardware?
Raspbain is the Linux distro optimized for Raspberry Pi hardware.
78
Which is one of the first comprehensive Linux distros derived from Slackware with similarities to RHEL.
SUSE is one of the first comprehensive Linux distros derived from Slackware with similarities to RHEL.
78
Which is the most popular Debian based distro with desktop , server and specialized variants?
Ubuntu is the most popular Debian based distro with desktop, server and specialized variants.
79
Define LTS?
LTS is a support feature where a distro is maintained for at least 5 years.
80
What is the time period during which vendors support older versions of software before discontinuing updates?
A maintenance /life cycle is the period during which vendors support older versions of software before discontinuing updates.
80
What is the term for a software release that has been thoroughly tested and is reliable in production?
Stable release defines a software release which has been thoroughly tested and is reliable in production.
