MODULE 3- Navigating the Linux desktop Flashcards
1
Q
Name 3 tasks performed by Linux system Admin administrators besides server management?
A
Besides server management, Linux system admins do system configuration, recommending new software and updating documentation.
2
Q
What is a GUI terminal and a Virtual terminal?
A
A GUI terminal is a program running within a desktop environment while a virtual terminal runs alongside a GUI but requires a separate login (can be used when a GUI crashes or stops running).
3
Q
What is the path for opening a terminal on CentOS?
A
Application>System Tools>Terminal
4
Q
What is a key combination to access a virtual terminal in Linux?
A
Ctrl+Alt+F6
4
Q
What is x-term in Linux?
A
x-term is a terminal emulator that opens a terminal window from the GUI.
5
Q
What component is a controller of the system that manages memory, kills and starts applications and handles text or graphic display?
A
A Kernel is the controller of the system that manages memory, kills and starts applications and manages text or graphic display.
6
Q
What does a kernel use to abstract details of hardware from applications?
A
The kernel uses API’s to abstract details of hardware from applications.
7
Q
What is an API?
A
Application Programming Interface is a set of rules allowing an application to request resources and services from the kernel without needing to understand the underlying hardware.
7
Q
What is it called when the kernel manages the switching between applications when resources are limited making it appear as if the computer is doing many things at once?
A
Multi tasking is when the kernel manages switching between applications when resources are limited making it seem as if the computer is doing many things at once.
7
Q
What defines applications that include programs which users directly interact with?
A
Applications including programs which users directly interact are called Desktop applications.
7
Q
How does the kernel differentiate between user facing applications, network services and internal tasks?
A
The kernel does not differentiate between applications, it treats all if them as processes.
8
Q
What is a process?
A
A process is one task that is loaded and tracked by the kernel.
8
Q
What is the primary role of server applications? (2 functions)
A
The primary role of server applications is to serve information to other computers or handle data processing without direct user interaction.
8
Q
What do we call software that runs without direct interaction with the monitor and keyboard?
A
Software that runs without direct interaction with the monitor and keyboard is called Server Applications.
9
Q
What is the term for software that helps manage or configure Linux systems?
A
Tools are defined as software that helps manage or configure Linux systems.
10
Q
What are compilers?
A
Compilers are tools that convert source code written in programming languages into executable programs that a computer can run.
10
Q
What challenge do companies face when supporting Linux applications across distributions?
A
Companies face the challenge of dealing with different versions of key libraries across various distros.
11
Q
Give two characteristics of Linux that make it widely used for running server applications?
A
Linux is widely used for server applications due to its reliability and efficiency.
11
Q
What is the function of a web server?
A
A web server hosts web pages , allowing users to access them via web browsers through HTTP or HTTPS.
12
Q
What is a static web page?
A
A static web page is a web page that is sent by the web browser exactly as it is stored on the disk with no modification.
12
Q
What is a dynamic web page?
A
A dynamic web page is a web page generated by an application before being sent to the web browser.
12
Q
What is the name of the application that allows users to create and manage dynamic websites through a browser?
A
WordPress is an example of an application allowing users to create and manage dynamic websites through a browser.
13
Q
What is the most widely used web server software?
A
Apache is the most widely used web server software.
14
Q
Which organization maintains the Apache web server software?
A
The Apache web server software is maintained by the Apache Software Foundation
15
Which group owns maintains over a hundred open source software projects including Apache web server.
Apache Software Foundation is the group maintaining over a hundred open source software projects including Apache web server.
16
What is the name of Apache's web server application program which processes and serves web page requests.
Apache HTTD (daemon) is the name of the server application program which processes and serves web page requests in the Apache web server.
16
Which web server makes use of modern UNIX kernels to focus on performance and scalability?
NGINX is the web server making use of modern UNIX kernels to focus on performance and scalability.
17
Which Web server offers a smaller feature set between NGINX and Apache?
NGINX offers a smaller feature set than Apache web server.
18
Where was NGINX developed?
NGINX web server was developed in Russia.
18
What percentage of websites use either Apache or NGINX web server?
65% of websites use either NGINX or Apache
18
Under what license is ownCloud available?
ownCloud is available under the GNU AGPLv3 license with an enterprise version that carries a commercial license.
19
What is a private cloud server?
A private cloud server is a cloud computing environment dedicated to a single organization enabling exclusive access to resources
19
Who launched the ownCloud project?
ownCloud was launched by Frank Karlitschek in 2010
19
Which open source software project allows users to store, sync and share data on private cloud servers?
ownCloud is an open source software project allowing users to store, sync and share data on private cloud servers.
20
What is Nextcloud?
Nextcloud is a private cloud server software forked from ownCloud in 2016
20
What is the difference between Nextcloud and ownCloud?
ownCloud has both open source and enterprise versions posing some corporate restrictions but Nextcloud which is forked from ownCloud emphasizes open development.
21
Give 3 reasons why some organizations prefer private cloud servers rather than public cloud services?
Some organizations prefer private cloud servers because they offer better security, privacy and control over data without relying on third party cloud providers like public cloud services.
22
What role do database server applications play in online services?
Database server applications store, manage and allow retrieval of data for dynamic web applications
23
What is MySQL?
MySQL is a widely used relational database management system.
24
What is the name of the community developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system?
MariaDB is the name of the community developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system.
25
Why was MariaDB forked from MySQL?
MariaDB was forked from the MySQL relational database management system to continue open source development.
26
Name two database servers besides MySQL and MariaDB?
Besides MySQL and MariaDB there are Firebird and PostgreSQL.
27
What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a structured query language used to interact with databases.
27
What are the three main tasks required so send and receive an email?
The 3 main tasks required to send and receive an email are a MTA (Mail transfer Agent), MDA (Mail delivery Agent), and a POP/IMAP server.
28
What is used to transfer email messages between systems?
A MTA transfers email messages between systems.
29
Name two MTA's? Which one is the most popular?
Two mail transfer agents are Sendmail and Postfix and Sendmail is the most popular.
29
Which MTA is the most simplest and secure?
Postfix is the simplest and most secure MTA than Sendmail.
29
What is another name for a mail delivery agent?
Mail delivery agents are also known as Local delivery agents.
29
Where does the MDA store the email?
The mail delivery agent (MDA) stores the email in the recipients mailbox on the email server.
30
What stores email in a users mailbox?
A MDA (Mail delivery agent) stores email in a users mail box.
31
What do POP and IMAP servers do?
POP (Post office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) servers allow the client to retrieve emails from remote servers.
32
What is the difference between POP and IMAP?
POP downloads emails to the local device and IMAP keeps the emails stored on the server
32
Which popular POP/IMAP server is known for its use of use and low maintenance?
Dovecot is a popular POP/IMAP server known for its ease of use and low maintenance.
33
What is the benefit of using standard file formats for email storage?
Using standard file formats for email storage allows the user to choose any MDA.
34
What is the other POP/IMAP server option besides Dovecot?
Cyrus IMAP is another POP/IMAP server option besides Dovecot.
34
Give one example of a closed source email server suite.
Microsoft Exchange is an example of a closed source email server suite.
34
What software suite allows Linux to share files and participate in a Windows domain?
Samba is the software suite that allows Linux to share files and participate in a Windows domain.
35
What does Samba allow a Linux machine to do?
Samba allows a Linux machine to look and behave like a Windows machine for file sharing and domain participating.
35
What is the native file sharing protocol for UNIX/Linux?
NFS (Network file system) is the native file sharing protocol for UNIX/Linux.
36
What is the purpose of the Netatalk project?
The Netatalk project enables a Linux machine to act as an Apple Macintosh file server.
37
Why is NFS often included in the Linux Kernel?
Network File system (NFS) is often included in the Linux Kernel because it allows remote file systems to be mounted as if they were local disks.
37
What is the primary function of DNS?
The primary function of DNS (Domain name system) is to convert domain names into IP addresses.
37
What is characterized by being one of the oldest directory systems?
DNS (Domain name system) is characterized by being one of the oldest directory systems.
38
Which directory service is used to store user accounts and security roles?
LDAP(Lightweight directory access protocol) is the directory service commonly used to store user accounts and security roles.
38
What major Microsoft directory is powered by LDAP?
Microsoft's Active Directory is powered by LDAP.
39
What is the dominant LDAP program used in Linux?
OpenLDAP is the dominant LDAP program used in Linux.
40
Which network protocol assigns IP addresses automatically?
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) assigns IP addresses automatically.
41
Which organization maintains the most common open source DHCP server?
The ISC (Internet Systems Consortium) maintains the most common open source DHCP server which is the ISC DHCP server
42
What was the Internet Systems Consortium called before 2004?
The ISC (Internet systems consortium) was called the internet software consortium before 2004.
43
What is Thunderbird?
Thunderbird is a full featured desktop email client developed by the Mozilla foundation.
43
Which protocols does Thunderbird use to transfer emails?
Thunderbird uses SMTP (Simple message transfer protocol) to transfer emails.
43
Name two other email clients and the desktop environment they are associated with.
Evolution email client is associated with the GNOME desktop environment, and the KMail email client is associated with the KDE desktop environment.
43
Which creative software is used for Audio editing and recording?
Audacity is the software used for audio editing and recording.
44
Which software is a 2D image manipulation program for photo editing and graphic design?
GIMP(GNU image manipulation program) is a program for 2D image manipulation program for photo editing and graphic design.
44
What do we call a collection of productivity applications such as a word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation software?
An Office Suite is a collection of productivity applications such as a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation software.
44
Which creative software is for 3D movie creation, modeling, animation and rendering?
Blender is the software for 3D movie creation, modeling, animation and rendering.
45
What is LibreOffice?
LibreOffice is a free open source office suite forked from OpenOffice.
46
What is the name of the spreadsheet application in LibreOffice?
The spreadsheet application in LibreOffice is LibreOffice Calc.
47
What is the document editor in LibreOffice?
The document editor in LibreOffice is LibreOffice Writer.
48
What are the two major web browsers available on Linux?
The two major web browsers available on Linux are Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome.
48
Which component of the Linux system accepts commands and passes them on to the kernel for execution?
The shell is the Linux component responsible for accepting commands and passing them on the kernel for execution.
49
What are the two main families of the Linux shell?
The two main families of the Linux shell are the Bourne Shell and the C Shell
49
Who created the Bourne Shell and when?
The Bourne Shell was created by Stephen Bourne at Bell labs in the 1970s.
50
Why was the C Shell named as such?
The C Shell was named as such because its syntax borrows heavily from the C programming language.
51
What are the two main text editors available on most Linux systems?
Vi (or Vim) and Emacs are the two main text editors available on most Linux systems.
51
What is the modern version of the Bourne Shell?
The modern version of the Bourne Shell is the Bash (Bourne again shell).
51
Which two other shells borrow from Bash and tsch?
The Korn Shell (ksh) and Z Shell (zsh) are two other shells which borrow from Bash and tcsh.
51
What is the modern version of the C Shell?
The modern version of the C Shell is the tsch shell.
52
What is the name of the modern enhanced version of the Vi editor?
Vim is the modern and enhanced version of the Vi editor.
52
What is the main difference between Pico and nano?
The main difference between Pico and nano is that nano is completely open-source and Pico has licensing restrictions.
52
Which text editors are preferred for simple text editing?
Pico and nano are the preferred ones for simple text editing.
53
Which text editor is considered the easiest to use?
nano is the text editor considered easiest to use.
54
Which text editor is existent in every Linux system?
Vi is the text editor that is available on every Linux system.
54
What is a software package in Linux?
In Linux a software package is a compressed file containing an application and all its dependencies.
55
What file extension do software packages use in Debian based distros?
Software packages in Debian based distros use the .deb extension.
56
What is the lowest level tool for managing .deb files in a Debian based distros?
dpkg is the lowest level tool for managing .deb files in a Debian based distro.
57
What 3 other front end tools can be used to manage packages on Debian based distros?
aptitude, Synaptic and Software Center are the other front end tools which can be used to manage packages in Debian based systems
57
Which tool is front end to dpkg and makes package management easier?
(Advanced package tool) apt-get is a front end program to dpkg making package management easier.
58
What is the extension for software packages in the RPM package management system?
The extension for software packages in the RPM package management system is .rpm
59
Name 6 Linux distros that use the RPM for package management.
Red Hat, SUSE, openSUSE, Fedora, CentOS, Arch
60
What is the most commonly used back end tool for RPM package management?
The rpm command is the most commonly used backend tool for package management.
60
What do front end tools like yum and up2date help with in RPM package management?
Front end tools like yum and up2date help automate the process of resolving dependency issues.
60
Which two GUI based front end tools are available for RPM package management?
Yumex and Gnome PackageKit are the two GUI based front end tools available for RPM package management.
61
What is the alternative package management style for some RPM based distros?
Some RPM based distros use the ZYpp or libzypp package management system (openSUSE and SLES)
61
Which mobile distros use the ZYpp or libzypp package management system?
MeeGo, Tizen and Silfish mobile distros use the ZYpp or libzypp package management system.
61
Which command is the basis of the ZYpp method?
The zypper command is the basis of the ZYpp method.
62
Rule of thumb: What is needed if a command affects the state of a package?
If a command affects the state of a package administrative access is required.
63
How does an interpreted language work?
An interpreted language translates the code into machine instructions while the program runs
63
How does a compiled language work?
A compiled language translates the entire code into machine instructions before the program runs.
63
Give one example of a compiled language.
C is an example of a compiled language
64
Where is objective C programming language mostly used?
Objective C is mostly used in Apple products.
64
What does C++ add to the C programming language?
C++ adds object oriented programming support to the C language.
64
In which type of language is the code translated before execution and in which type of language is code translated during execution?
Code is translated before execution in a Compiled language and code is translated during execution in an Interpreted language
65
What makes Java different from traditional compiled languages?
Java is different from traditional languages because it is not compiled directly into machine language but rather into an intermediate form called bytecode which can be run on any computer using a JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
65
What is the term for the hypothetical CPU that executes bytecode?
The hypothetical CPU that executes bytecode is called a JVM (Java virtual machine).
66
Why does Javan use an intermediate compilation step?
Java uses an intermediate compilation step to allow it to run on any system with JVM.
67
Which two languages are language interpreters often written?
Language interpreters are often written in the C and Java languages
67
What is the term for the intermediate compiled code executed by the JVM?
Intermediate compiled code executed by the JVM is called bytecode.
67
Which type of programming languages also tend to have more features, often need less code but can also be slower?
Interpreted languages tend to have more features, often need less code but can also be slower.
68
What is the programming term for breaking down complex systems into simpler objects, hiding unnecessary complexity?
OOP (object oriented programming) involves breaking down complex systems into simpler objects, hiding unnecessary complexity.
68
Which programming language is considered as one of the core technologies of the world wide web?
JavaScript is considered to be one of the core technologies of the world wide web.
68
What is the difference between JavaScript and Java?
JavaScript is an cross-platform interpreted scripting language while Java is a compiled object oriented programming language
69
Which programming language is used to enhance web functionality and complex server side applications?
JavaScript is used to enhance web functionality and complex server side applications.
70
Which licensing model can JavaScript be released on?
JavaScript can be released on a GNU GPL license
71
Which company owns Java?
Oracle owns Java.
72
Name a language originally developed for text manipulation and what kind of language it is.
Perl is an interpreted language originally developed for text manipulation.
73
Name two other uses for Perl besides text manipulation.
The Perl interpreted language can also be used for automation and web applications.
74
What is PHP mainly used for?
PHP is a programming language mainly used for creating dynamic web pages
75
Name 3 popular applications built on PHP.
WordPress (for blogging), Cacti (for network monitoring) and Facebook are popular applications built on PHP.
75
What is the name of the interpreted programming language influenced by Perl and Shell scripting.
Ruby is an interpreted language influenced by Perl and Shell scripting.
76
Which framework makes Ruby a strong choice for simplifying complex web application programming?
Ruby on Rails is a strong choice for simplifying complex web application programming.
76
Name two automation tools powered by Ruby.
Chef and Puppet are the two automation tools powered by Ruby.
76
What is the Python framework that makes building web applications easy?
Django is the python framework making building web applications easy.
77
What type of programming language is Python?
Python is a scripting language.
78
Which programming language is the favorite for academia and has strong statistical processing and makes complex tasks easier?
Python is the favorite for academia due to its strong statistical processing and making complex tasks easier.
79
Which library allows programmers to manipulate images through code?
ImageMagick is the library allowing programmers to manipulate images through code.
79
What do we call a set of common tasks that developers can use?
Libraries are a set of common tasks that developers can use.
79
Which Cyrptographic library is used in web servers, command line tools, and programming scripts?
OpenSSL is a cyrprographic library used in web servers, command line tools and programming scripts.
80
Which library provides basic functions for reading and writing to files and displays?
The C library provides basic functions for reading and writing to files and displays.
81
What do we call the small pieces of text stored by a browser to track website interactions?
Cookies are the small pieces of text stored by a browser to store website interactions
82
Name 4 compiled and 4 interpreted languages.
C, C++, Objective C and Java are examples of compiled languages while JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, PHP and python are examples of interpreted languages.
82
What is the primary mechanism used by websites to track you?
Cookies are the primary mechanism used by websites to track users.
82
What do we call a program that sores and encrypts passwords?
A password manager is a program that stores and encrypts passwords.
82
Who is the most privileged user in a Linux system?
The root user is the most privileged user in a Linux system
83
What is a security method that requires a second factor in addition to a password (like sending a code to your phone).
A security method requiring a second factor in addition to a password is called 2FA (Two factor authentication).
84
What do we call the trail of data you leave behind when browsing the internet?
A digital footprint is the trail of data left behind when browsing the internet.
84
What are the characteristics of a strong password?
A strong password is at least 10 characters long, a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, has numbers and special characters.
84
Give one example of a password manager securely storing and generating strong passwords?
KeePassX is an example of a password manager securely storing and generating strong passwords.
85
What is defined as a security system that filters network traffic to protect a computer from unauthorized access?
A firewall is a security system filtering network traffic to protect a computer from unauthorized access.
85
Which protocol encrypts data between users and websites to prevent interception?
HTTPS (Hyptertext transfer protocol secure) encrypts data between users and websites to prevent interception.
86
What is the name of the Linux built in firewall system?
iptables is the name of the Linux built in firewall system.
86
What is the name of the graphical interface to UFW (ubuntu uncomplicated firewall)?
Gufw is the name of the graphical interface for UFW (Ubuntu uncomplicated firewall).
87
What creates an encrypted tunnel for secure communication between two systems?
A VPN (Virtual private network) creates an encrypted tunnel for secure communication between two systems.
88
Which project is aimed at providing tools to enhance privacy and anonymity online?
The Tor project is aimed at providing tools to enhance safety anonymity online.
89
What is the term defining the migration of an organizations IT applications and processes to cloud services?
Cloud adoption is the term defining the migration of an organizations IT applications and processes to cloud services.
90
What defines how cloud infrastructure is built , managed and accessed?
A cloud deployment model defines how cloud infrastructure is built, managed and accessed.
91
What is a Public cloud?
A Public cloud is a cloud infrastructure provided by third parties (Amazon & Google) for use by the general public over the internet
92
In which cloud infrastructure do multiple tenants share common cloud resources?
A Public cloud has a multi tenant model in which multiple tenants share common cloud resources.
93
What is a private cloud?
A Private cloud is a cloud infrastructure used exclusively by a single organization for greater control and security.
93
Name two instances for hosting private clouds?
A Private cloud can be hosted on company managed servers or through private cloud providers like Rackspace or IBM.
94
What are two examples of Private cloud service providers?
IBM and Rackspace are examples of Private cloud service providers.
95
What percentage of public cloud workloads run on Linux?
90% of Public cloud workloads run on Linux.
95
Give one term for Linux ability to be customized for different workloads and scales across cloud environments.
Flexibility is Linux's ability to be customized for different workloads and scales across cloud environments.
95
Which cloud infrastructure is a combination of two or more clouds that work together?
A Hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more clouds that work together.
95
Which cloud infrastructure is shared by multiple organizations with common goals or requirements?
A Community cloud infrastructure is shared by multiple organizations with common goals or requirements.
96
Which term defines the quality of Cloud computing and Linux that allows automatic scaling of IT resources reducing overhead from underutilized resources?
The ability of Cloud of Cloud computing and Linux that allows the automatic scaling of IT resources reducing overhead from underutilized resources is called Cost effectiveness.
96
What is the ability to access applications and data from anywhere on any device over a network?
Accessibility is the ability to access applications and data from anywhere on any device over a network.
97
What is the term of Linux ability to have automated management programs instead of human operators reducing the need for administrators to manually configure and update systems?
Manageability is the term defining Linux's ability to have automated management programs which reduce the need for administrators to manually configure and update systems.
97
What is the process of running multiple operating system instances on a single physical computer?
Virtualization is the process of running multiple operating system instances on a single physical computer.
97
What allows Linux to have automated management tools?
The C programming language allows Linux to have automated management tools
97
Which component manages and allocates system resources between VMs?
A Hypervisor manages and allocates system resources between VMs.
98
Which term defines Linux's quality to have open source source code that allows the community to inspect and rapidly fix vulnerabilities?
Security is Linux's quality allowing it to have open source source code that the community can inspect and rapidly fix vulnerabilities.
98
What do we call an instance of an operating system running on a virtual machine?
An instance of an operating system running on a VM is called a guest.
98
What do we call the physical machine that runs the virtual machines?
A physical machine that runs the virtual machines is called a host.
99
What do we call the Hypervisor that runs directly on computer hardware instead of on top of an OS?
A Hypervisor that runs directly on computer hardware is called a Bare Metal Hypervisor.
100
Name 2 of the most popular virtualization software solutions.
VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox are the two most popular virtualization software solutions.
101
What do we call the method of packaging applications and dependencies together in an isolated environment?
Containerization is the method of packaging applications and dependencies together in an isolated environment.
102
Name 2 popular containerization technologies?
Docker and Kubernetes are the 2 popular containerization technologies.
102
What is a pod?
A pod is a group of one or more containers sharing network and storage.
102
What do we call the machine that runs pods and executes workloads?
A node is the machine that runs pods and executes workloads.
102
How do containers improve efficiency over traditional virtualization?
Containers provide efficiency over traditional virtualization by eliminating the need to run a full OS for each application.
103
What organizes and controls nodes ?
A master node organizes and controls nodes.
103
What is another term for 'physical terminal'?
A terminal is also known as a Console
