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DHS ITF PREP > Module 4: Networking > Flashcards

Module 4: Networking Flashcards

1
Q

Network

A

Two or more computer linked together in order to share resources/information

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2
Q

Client

A

A machine on a network that RECEIVES resources from a server.

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3
Q

Server

A

A machine on a network that contains resources that other machines on the network wish to access.

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4
Q

Local Area Network

A

A network of devices that is contained within a small geographic location (a house, small business, office, etc.)

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5
Q

Wide Area Network

A

A network that covers a large geographic area (such as a city, state, country). Can be used to connect smaller networks together.

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6
Q

Node/Host

A

Anything connected to the network

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7
Q

Protocol

A

A set of rules for communicating across a network

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8
Q

Packet

A

A bit of information sent over the network. Data is broken into pieces called packets for transmission over the network.

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9
Q

Header (packet structure)

A

A packet header contains the source address, the destination address, and the protocol used (as well as other information like Time to Live, etc.)

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10
Q

Payload (packet structure)

A

The actual data being sent over the network

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11
Q

TCP/IP

A

A set of protocols used to send information over the Internet.

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12
Q

Router

A

A device that is responsible for sending packets between networks.

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13
Q

Link/Network Layer (TCP/IP)

A

Refers to the actual physical connection between a host and the network (wired or wireless).

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14
Q

Internet Layer (TCP/IP)

A

Deals with the routing of packets between networks.

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15
Q

Transport Layer (TCP/IP)

A

Deals with whether the communications are using TCP (for reliability) or UDP (for speed)

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16
Q

Application Layer (TCP/IP)

A

Deals with the actual applications that the user interacts with (HTTP, etc.).

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17
Q

IP (protocol)

A

Internet Protocol - the protocol that deals with the routing of packets between networks.

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18
Q

Datagram

A

The basic unit of data that is transmitted across a network. Contains a header and payload. Sometimes used interchangeably with the word “packet”

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19
Q

IP address

A

A series of (up to) three-digit numbers from 0-255 separated by dots. An IP address is associated with a specific network host (but can change).

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20
Q

Network prefix

A

The portion of the IP address that refers to the network segment.

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21
Q

Subnet mask

A

Determines which part of the IP address that makes up the network prefix. For example, if the network prefix was the first three numbers of the IP address, the subnet mask would be 255.255.255.0

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22
Q

MAC address

A

A unique hardware identifier given to a network adapter. This is most often represented using six sets of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons. (56:A7:3F:2D:68:76)

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23
Q

ARP

A

Address Resolution Protocol - associates a MAC address (which is unique and doesn’t change*) with an IP address (which can change)

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24
Q

Default gateway

A

Term used to refer to the router on a LAN. Packets that are meant to go to other networks (not local) are sent to the Default gateway.

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25
Q

DNS

A

Domain Name Service - the service that associates the IP address of a website with an easy-to-remember domain name (www.google.com)

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26
Q

Hostname

A

A label that is assigned to a device and used for identification on a network.

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27
Q

FQDN

A

Fully Qualified Domain Name - the complete domain name for a specific host, containing the hostname, domain name, and top-level domain (www.google.com)

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28
Q

URL

A

Uniform Resource Locator - a web address

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29
Q

HTTP

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol - the method by which Web pages are transferred from a server to a client machine. Contains no security features.

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30
Q

SSL

A

Secure Sockets Layer - a method of encryption for HTTP

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31
Q

TLS

A

Transport Layer Security - a method of encryption for HTTP.

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32
Q

HTTPS

A

HTTP Secure - HTTP with the addition of security (SSL or TLS)

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33
Q

Digital certificate

A

an electronic “key” that allows a site to transmit information securely across the internet. (proves the website is legitimately who they say they are).

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34
Q

Certificate authority

A

an organization that issues digital certificates to websites.

35
Q

SMTP

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - a method used by e-mail servers to exchange messages.

36
Q

POP3

A

Post Office Protocol - a method used to download messages from an e-mail server to a client machine.

37
Q

IMAP

A

Internet Message Access Protocol - a method used to manage messages on an e-mail server.

38
Q

SOHO

A

Small Office/Home Office

39
Q

Modem

A

A device that connects a computer or router to an Internet Service Provider

40
Q

Switch

A

A device that connects computers in a LAN

41
Q

Access Point

A

A device that allows for wireless connection to a network

42
Q

DSL

A

Digital Subscriber Line - a form of Internet access that uses copper phone lines; has the slowest speed

43
Q

Fiber Optic (internet)

A

Currently has the fastest speeds but lowest availability

44
Q

Cable (internet)

A

Uses coaxial TV cable for transmission; has good speed and availability

45
Q

Satellite (internet)

A

Has the widest potential coverage area, but low speeds/high latency

46
Q

Latency

A

A delay in communication over a network

47
Q

Cellular (internet)

A

The type of Internet access used by smartphones, hotspots, and other mobile Internet-capable devices

48
Q

WLAN

A

Wireless LAN

49
Q

Wi-Fi

A

Wireless network transmission provided by radio waves

50
Q

802.11a

A

54 Mbps max. transfer rate; short range

51
Q

802.11b

A

11 Mbps max. transfer rate; longer range

52
Q

802.11g

A

54 Mbps max transfer rate; longer range

53
Q

802.11n

A

150 Mbps max transfer rate

54
Q

802.11ac

A

1.7 Gbps max transfer rate

55
Q

DHCP

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - the method used to automatically assign devices on the network an IP address

56
Q

SSID

A

Service Set IDentifier: The “name” of a Wi-Fi network. This should be changed from the default when setting up a new wireless network.

57
Q

WEP

A

Wired Equivalency Privacy - an old and outdated encryption method for Wi-Fi. Largely ineffective.

58
Q

WPA

A

Wi-Fi Protected Access - fixed most of the security problems of WEP but has been superceded by WPA2

59
Q

WPA2

A

The latest widely-available encryption method for SOHO Wi-Fi networks

60
Q

Captive Portal

A

A login or other page presented by an organization providing Wi-Fi.

61
Q

Malware

A

software written with the intent of damaging devices, stealing data, or causing other types of harm to users

62
Q

Open/free network

A

a wireless network that has no encryption - use caution when connecting to one of these networks

63
Q

Spyware

A

a type of malware that steals data or monitors the user without their consent or knowledge

64
Q

Adware

A

a type of malware that gathers data from a user in order to show them targeted advertisements

65
Q

Exploit

A

a type of vulnerability in a system

66
Q

Scripting

A

code that is used to give web pages more functionality (interactive elements, form submissions, etc.)

67
Q

Add-on (browser)

A

pieces of software that are designed to change a web browser in some way - there are three types: extensions, plug-ins, and themes

68
Q

Server-side scripting

A

code that runs on a web server that gives a website more functionality

69
Q

Client-side scripting

A

code that runs on the client (user’s) machine to give websites more functionality

70
Q

Extension (browser)

A

pieces of software that add functionality to a web browser

71
Q

Plug-in (browser)

A

pieces of software that are designed to play some sort of content embedded in a web page (video/multimedia)

72
Q

Theme (browser)

A

these change the appearance of a browser

73
Q

Cookie

A

a plain text file that is created and placed on your system by a website. they are used to keep track of information for personalization, tracking, or targeted advertising (among other uses)

74
Q

P I I

A

Personally Identifiable Information - any information that can be used to determine your name, location, age, gender, etc.

75
Q

Private browsing mode

A

a mode in which the browser does not store cookies or temporary files, and does not add pages to the history list

76
Q

PKI

A

Public Key Infrastructure - the framework that allows Certificate Authorities to issue certificates to trusted sites.

77
Q

Root certificate

A

certificates that are pre-installed with most browsers that represent the Certificate Authorities

78
Q

Firewall

A

restricts access to a computer network

79
Q

Packet filtering

A

the act of allowing some traffic into the network based on a set of rules

80
Q

Stateful inspection

A

a more deep type of inspection that can examine the actual contents of a network packet, not just the header.

81
Q

Hardware firewall

A

a dedicated device that runs the firewall software for a network

82
Q

Software firewall

A

a type of firewall software that runs on a client machine

83
Q

Proxy server

A

a server that can monitor and control all traffic passing into and out of a network

DHS ITF PREP (5 decks)

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