Module 4 (Man's Integration to the Society) Flashcards
lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
socialization
process by which an individual is oriented and taught by his/her society’s norms
socialization
form of interaction by which people acquire personality and learn the way of life of their society
socialization
goals of socialization
teaches impulse control and develop a conscience, teaches individuals how to prepare and perform certain social rules, cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
forms of socialization
enculturation and acculturation
process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate in that culture
enculturation
diffusion of one’s culture or another
enculturation
cultural modification of an individua, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture
acculturation
results of socialization, enculturation, and acculturation
self and identity, status and roles, norms and values
“the social mind”; sociological concept – develops through social interactions where individuals learn to assume roles and meet the increasing level (George Herbert Mead)
the concept of self
helonic concept of identity (self is both a whole and a part); self in the context of personal pertains to the wholeness of an individual’s identity and being a part of the whole reflects on the roles that it plays within the context of the society
model of consciousness: the i and me perspective
one’s self-concept was derived from a “social mirror” in which we can observe how others react to us, thus engaging us how to think and feel (Charles Horton Cooley)
the looking glass self concept
development of an individual’s distinct personality; this process defines individuals to others and themselves and individuals gain identity by social affiliations
identity formation
examples of identity
self-concept, cultural identity, national identity, religious identity, ethnic identity
any position that an individual can occupy in society, a label that implies that certain roles must be performed
status
individual’s position in the society, which carries with it a set of defined rights and obligations
status
types of status
ascribed status and achieved status
given at birth or assigned later in life
ascribed status
acquired willfully and consciously through effort, talent, decisions, and accomplishments
achieved status
set of expectation from people who occupy a particular status
role
behavior of an individual within a social space in accordance to his status
role performance
multiplicity of roles within a given status
role set
two or more statuses, both applicable to the situation require distinct and divergent roles from the individual
role conflict
individual is having difficulty in performing the role required of him or her
role strain
discontinuation of a role, either to address a role strain or indulge in a role set
role exit
culturally determined rules that guide people what is right, wrong, proper, or improper
norms
standards people use to determine desirable goals and outcomes, created and shaped by the community through time
values
types of norms
folkways, mores, taboos, laws
socially approved behaviors that have no moral underpinning
folkways
norms related to moral conventions
mores
behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in a specific culture
taboos
rules and regulations that are implemented by the state
laws
act of following the rules and goals of one’s society, met with rewards and acceptance from other members of the society
conformity
act of violating the prescribed social norms, socially constructed by the members of the society
deviance
strong sense of disapproval on nonconforming behavior from members of the society
stigma
theories of deviance
social control theory, rational choice theory, differential association theory, labelling theory, conflict theory, structuralist-functionalist theory, strain theory
deviance is caused by a lack in stronger social bonds within a society; as he is less attached in the society, the more that he/she will deviate from social norms
social control theory
conformity or deviance of an individual depends on the cost and benefit he/she may get from such action
rational choice theory
conformity or deviance is learned by an individual from those he/she associates with
differential association theory
actions are initially not considered deviant until they are labelled as such by members of the community
labelling theory
society composes of opposing groups of people whose access to power determines which actions are deviant based on their perceived advantage; set of behaviors of the elite are norms and those of the powerless are deviant
conflict theory
on the micro level, deviance was caused by role strain of an individual due to lack of resources to cope with the demands of the social norms
structuralist-functionalist theory
on the macro level, deviance is caused by breakdown of social norms which produces anomie or social disorganization
structuralist-functionalist theory
proposed by Robert Merton, argues that deviant behavior occues due to imbalance of society’s cultural goals and the socially accepted means to achieve those goals are out of balance
strain theory
means to prevent deviance and to ensure that norms are safeguarded and order preserved
social control
elements to promote social control
internalization and sanctions
individual is made to automatically conform to the dictates of his/her society through a cost-benefit orientation
internalization
rewards or punishment given upon conformity/deviance in an action
sanctions
types of sanctions
formal, informal, positive, negative
rewards/forms of punishment that are formally awarded by an institution (i.e. government, school, etc)
formal
rewards/forms of punishment that are spontaneously given by an individual/group of people as a response to a behavior that was either accepted of disapproved
informal
sanctions that rewards a particular behavior, which reinforces its repetition
positive
sanctions that punishes a particular behavior
negative
